Allentown Materials Corporation

The investigation of the Allentown Materials Corporation contextual analysis uncovers various issues for the most part identified with the inconvenient passing of a regarded pioneer, the ensuing change in authority, and furthermore the administration style of the recently selected upper-level supervisors. This change in outlook in operational administration technique is one of the underlying drivers of the contention between offices, nonattendance of cooperation, and low spirit. Moreover, radical changes are required to bring Allentown Materials Corporation into another period of assembling and guarantee their proceeded with accomplishment in the marketplace.The readiness to change is basic in an assembling association where the methods for keeping up an upper hand change habitually. (ReVelle) The previous General Manager of the Allentown Materials Corporation Joe Bennett was extremely tyrant in nature, liking to settle on all almost exceptionally significant choices without anyone e lse, and no choices at all were made without Mr. Bennett’s endorsement. A large number of the chiefs answering to Bennett were viewed as political and manipulative by their workers, and therefore few were eager to challenge his operational administration style.When Don Rogers took over Joe Bennett’s position as head supervisor the disturbing components of a significant down turn in business were at that point present, yet the impacts were not really being felt all through the association. A progressive change ought to have been executed under Bennett when the business moved from basically military applications to private segment utilizes, anyway manager’s point of view may make them ignore significant authoritative changes or react to these progressions improperly. Both senior supervisors are to blame for the current circumstance at Allentown; Mr.Bennett for ignoring when change was required and Mr. Rogers for reacting to the requirement for change improperly. T he military market spun around exceptionally dependable and steady parts for vital military hardware; and the military was eager to pay a premium to obtain such segments. Conversely the purchaser and private part showcase additionally requests top notch items, however at the most reduced cost conceivable. (ReVelle) The auxiliary result of this move from military to shopper markets is an expanded nearness in the very serious Japanese market.Japanese producing firms had since a long time ago created and actualized their own assembling systems, for example, Just-in-Time (JIT) assembling and Total Quality Management. Allentown Materials Corporation is basically endeavoring to contend in a market that has just observed progressive change on account of new strategies and methods. Changes do should be made to guarantee an assembling association has the upper hand, and choosing the suitable change philosophy is similarly crucial.The Six Sigma quality administration program was initially evo lved by Motorola in 1986 and as a business procedure centers around improving the nature of yields by expelling the reasons for absconds, unsuitable fluctuation in the assembling procedure, and ending rehearses that don't increase the value of the last yield. (CIT) One technique in which Six Sigma achieves this is however improving procedures as of now set up or making new procedures when the current ones neglect to meet business destinations. CIT) Motorola detailed more than 17 billion in reserve funds in 2006 since the beginning of their Six Sigma activity, and numerous other assembling organizations have additionally made progress with their own executions of Six Sigma. (CIT) These substantial impacts are the aftereffects of preparing in quality improvement techniques, revamp of business procedures to make them increasingly effective, inception of activities that improve creation or set aside cash, and improved correspondence among the executives and employees.For an organization to accomplish Six Sigma any single procedure must not deliver more than 3. 4 imperfections for every million chances. (CIT) This thusly implies expanded benefit for the organization and potential rewards or motivators for workers. We can likewise make examinations between Six Sigma and the distinctive Japanese systems and draw various conclusions†¦ Six Sigma tends to half of the progressive change required for Allentown Materials Corporation to stay serious in the ever-changing assembling marketplace.The second segment of the change required includes giving the whole association a mutual vision for the future which plays firmly on the center abilities of the Allentown Materials Corporation. The quality of Allentown Materials Corporation lies with its innovative work, and assembling divisions. Some portion of this change will come to fruition as Six Sigma is adjusted and executed at the Allentown Materials Corporation.Employees at all degrees of the association will perceive th e expected advantages and rewards including expanded employer stability, new open doors with the organization, and better execution assessments and boosts in salary. Furthermore, workers will know that if the organization is getting profits by Six Sigma these advantages will inevitably stream down to them. (CIT) All of the new rewards and motivating forces will loan themselves to a mutual vision inside the organization. One part of specific significance of the Six Sigma procedure will be the impact of preparing and cooperation on the different divisions.When a feeling of collaboration is inadequate with regards to the workers tend to concentrate on the efficiency of their specific office or division and neglect to understand the effect of their activities on the whole activity. (CIT) For these progressions to grab hold at Allentown Materials Corporation a crucial individual from upper administration must expect the job as the change champion. Wear Roger’s appears the reasonab le decision to take on this situation because of his situation with the organization and the way that he has a built up history of including individuals in issues with the organization and counseling them on decisions.The change champion at Allentown will have various new obligations identified with guaranteeing the accomplishment of Six Sigma and all the while being the main thrust behind the whole business upset. So as to demonstrate certifiable pledge to the program and the new mutual vision the hero should be vigorously associated with the change procedure, guaranteeing that it moves quickly and that the change is genuine and positive. Support, inspiration, association with ventures, evacuating the hindrances to extend achievement, commending triumphs when they happen, and perceiving accomplishments are generally ways the boss can show commitment.In the course of actualizing change the change champion ought to consider naming a controlling council comprising of oneself, key dire ctors from all the utilitarian territories including the recently isolated deals and advertising capacities, and another position; preparing chief. The controlling advisory group would serve to sanction the changes, however would likewise give critical input from lower directors and representatives about the down to earth ramifications of their changes.Among the duties of the guiding council would be building up another group handbook that plainly expresses the strategies and objectives of the organization and a preparation program stressing collaboration, group association abilities, and The issues affecting Allentown Materials Corporation might just prompt its definitive downfall. It is hence fundamental for Allentown Materials Corporation to found a quick and positive change to guarantee its drawn out suitability and hold its upper hands in the commercial center. Six Sigma when actualized appropriately by a submitted change champion can introduce another period for Allentown Mate rials Corporation.

Shooting an Elephant Essay -- Analysis, George Orwell

In his article, Shooting an Elephant, George Orwell shows his encounters as a British cop, and reflects it to the idea of dominion. He loathes his activity as a cop in Moulmein in light of the fact that a â€Å"anti-European inclination was very bitter† because of British Empire’s tyranny in Burma. In this way, Orwell, a white man is being dealt with discourteously by the Burmese which permits him to loathe his activity and British Empire, the base of everything. Notwithstanding, the episode of shooting of an elephant gives him a â€Å"better glimpse †¦ of the genuine idea of dominion †the genuine intentions wherein dictatorial government act† (13). So as to communicate the impacts of government, Orwell outlines this â€Å"enlightening† occurrence by utilizing different word usages, logical gadgets, sentence structures, and producing fitting tone and state of mind (13). From his encounters and sentiments of living under colonialism, Orwell effect ively shows the horrendous impacts of government. With the utilization of appropriate word usages in his paper, Orwell magnificently passes on the message and sentiments that he is attempting to get over. He frequently utilizes the word â€Å"natives† for the Burmese: â€Å"Here was I, the white man with his weapon, remaining before the unarmed local crowd† (15). Thusly, he shows his feelings and regard to the Burmese in light of the fact that by calling them â€Å"natives† means that they are the genuine proprietor of Burma and not the British Empire. Likewise, by utilizing this word usage oftentimes in the paper, Orwell helps his perusers the presence to remember colonialism in Burma with the goal that the perusers don't simply cling to the elephant yet in addition get the message fused in the article. The body of an elephant is contrasted and the machine as Orwell might suspect, â€Å"it is equivalent to pulverizing an immense and ... ...evastation in the public arena. In this way, George Orwell effectively sends the message of dominion to his crowd by utilizing different styles in his exposition, Shooting an Elephant. As indicated by the subject of his article, his primary crowds are the adolescent, grown-ups, and legislators as colonialism is more worry with them. As per his as a cop, he shows his peruser that colonialism is the most noticeably awful approach to administer a nation as it is hurtful to individual’s perspective and estimation of profound quality in the public arena. Orwell accomplishes this remarkably by working out with logical gadgets, phrasings, and sentence structure to create the inclination in the crowd the manner in which he wishes to be. Additionally, to hold and his perusers through his exposition, he raise suitable tone and mind-set. In result, Orwell brilliantly utilizes the episode of executing an elephant to depict the impacts of dominion.

5 Reasons Why Infographics Are Important To Your Blog

5 Reasons Why Infographics Are Important To Your Blog Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Why Infographics Are Important To Your BlogUpdated On 23/04/2017Author : David KendallTopic : BloggingShort URL : http://bit.ly/2ozkC6X CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogIf you have a blog, incorporating infographics is an absolute must. Not only will the use of infographics help to elevate your blogs ranking on search engines, but they will also make your blog more engaging. They also have the potential to help you gain more readers and subscribers, and they can help you get your point across much more effectively than plain text.1. People Dont Read Online, They SkimWhether theyre surfing the Net out of boredom or searching for important information, people tend to skim online text for salient points rather than read the text line by line. While you may have a few blog subscribers who hang on your every word, chances are that most of your first-time visitors simply ski m your site to get a feel for what its all about. An infographic catches the eye of a skimmer and makes her stop and take notice.2. It Will Boost Your SEO RankingUnlike text content, which needs to be unique for each post you create, you can use the same infographic in multiple locations without worrying about getting penalized for it. When you re-post your infographic, you can provide backlinks to your blog, which helps to drive traffic to your site as well as boost its SEO rankings.3. Creative Infographics Will Go ViralPeople love to share humorous and creative content, and the less time consuming it is to read, watch or view that content, the more people will see it and share it. Infographics have the highest potential to go viral because while one infographic can contain a great deal of entertaining content, viewers can see and understand it quickly, unlike videos or long articles or posts.READAuditing Your Social Media Promotions? Some Questions To Ask Yourself First4. People A re More Likely to Remember an InfographicNinety percent of the information that the brain processes is visual. By combining text and pictures, you increase a viewers ability to mentally connect with the information presented. The inherent weaknesses of both text and pictures becomes diminished by each ones strengths when combined into an infographic. Pictures sometimes lack the clarity of text, and text lacks the visual appeal of pictures. However, when you combine text with pictures, you can create an eye-catching, clear and informative graphic for your vistors.5. Infographics Help People to Understand RelationshipsBecause information in an infographic gets laid out in a way that shows relationships, infographics help viewers to understand the information presented in a more realistic way than if you presented the information in a more linear fashion. For example, people can understand the difference between twenty-five percent and seventy five percent much more realistically on a bar graph than in written text alone.ConclusionIf you want to increase your blogs readership and reach more people, you must begin to incorporate infographics into your blog. Be creative, and hold the goal of getting your infographics to go viral in your mind when you make them. Your infographics should be entertaining and serve a purpose in order for you to achieve the best results.

Summer Reading Lists for Kids, Tweens, and Teens

Rubric - Quick Guide for all Content Areas

A rubric is a tool that teachers use to assess many different types of assignments including written work, projects, speeches, and more. Every rubric is divided into a set of criteria (ex: organization, evidence, conclusion) with descriptors or markers of quality to explain each criterion. A rubric also has a rating scale that uses point values or standard performance levels to identify a students level of mastery for an assignment. The rating scale on a rubric makes it an excellent way to grade an assignment as well as a way to progress monitor student performance over time. Rubrics are also useful as teaching tools that spell out expectations for students to follow. Research shows that student input in constructing rubrics can improve scores and engagement. Finally, rubrics can also be used to facilitate self and peer reviews of student work. Rubric Criterion Generally, all rubrics, regardless of subject matter, contain criteria for introductions and conclusions. Standards of English, or grammar and spelling, are also criteria common in a rubric. There are, however, many different criteria or measurements in a rubric that are subject specific. For example, in a rubric for an English literary essay, the criteria might include: Purpose or thesis statementOrganizationEvidence and support In contrast, a rubric for a science lab report might feature other measurements such as: ProblemDefinitionsData and resultsSolution The descriptors for the criteria contains qualifying language for each level of performance that links the rubric assignment or task to the lesson or units learning objectives. These descriptors are what make a rubric different from a checklist. The explanations detail the quality of each element in a rubric according to a standard of mastery while a checklist does not. Scoring with Rubric Descriptors Student work can be rated on a rubric according to different scales or levels of mastery. Some examples of levels on rubric could be: 5-scale rubric: mastery, accomplished, developing, emerging, unacceptable4-scale rubric: above proficiency, proficient, approaching proficiency, below proficiency3-scale rubric: outstanding, satisfactory, unsatisfactory The descriptors on the rubric are different for each level of mastery. Take, for example, the difference in the language in a 3-scale rubric that rates student work for the criterion incorporation of evidence: Outstanding: Appropriate and accurate evidence is explained  well.  Satisfactory: Appropriate evidence is explained, however, some inaccurate information is included.  Unsatisfactory: Evidence is missing or irrelevant. When the teacher uses a rubric to score student work, the value of each element must be done in increments, and different point values can be assigned. For example, a rubric can be organized to award 12 points for outstanding use of evidence, 8 points for satisfactory use of evidence, and 4 points for unsatisfactory use of evidence. It is possible to weight one criterion or element to count more heavily in the grading. For example, a social studies teacher may decide to triple the points for the incorporation of evidence in a students response. Increasing the value for this element to 36 points when the other elements in an assignment are 12 points each indicates to the student the importance of this criterion. In this example, the assignment, now worth a total of 72 points, could be broken down as follows: Introduction or thesis- 12 pointsEvidence- 36 pointsOrganization-12 pointsConclusion-12 points Reasons for Rubrics When rubrics are given to the students before they complete their work, students have a better understanding of how they will be assessed. Rubrics may also help reduce the time spent on grading which may result in an increase of time spent on teaching. One important benefit of using rubrics for assignments is that they help teachers develop consistency in evaluating student performance across a class. When used on a larger scale, rubrics can provide a consistent scoring method across a grade,  school, or district. For some assignments, multiple teachers can grade a students work using the same rubric and then average those grades. This process, known as calibration, can help build teacher agreement around the different levels such as exemplary, proficient, and developing. More on Rubrics: Creating and Using RubricsHow to Create Rubrics

My Decision Of Hiking Towards Camp - 987 Words

I was already miles down the trail before I began to second guess my decision of hiking towards camp. It had been years since I had done something challenging and wanted to prove to the men, that were waiting for my arrival, of my strength. The weather had grown colder and the snow continued to fall with every step I took. Several times I had licked my lips, forgetting the low temperature, and would instantly feel the saliva hardening into ice. Prior to the hike, a man offered a hospitality ride from the nearest hotel due to the upcoming weather drop and lack of phone connections along the path. I was told I would not be able to reach any type help, which I felt was an insult to my masculinity, for another nine miles and by then I would†¦show more content†¦Without thinking about how I should be careful also because that could very well happen to me, I felt the ice beneath me crack and my feet, unable to move, becoming engulfed in the piercing water. Irritated and quickly no ticing the frigidness of my body, I decided it was time to take a break, start a fire, and enjoy it’s warmth. I placed my boots and my bare feet near the fire in an attempt to dry them. The first fire was a success, so I thought to myself, â€Å"This one will be no different.† I was wrong. The first time, the fire was put out by snow falling from a branch above him. The second time, the fire was almost a success but was ruined by the loss of feelings in my hand as I tried to build its flame. Now discourage, I begin to focus on my unfortunate luck and lack of company. Of course, the dog was a nice companion, but deep down I felt uneasy about its intentions. Is it simply lonely? Was it out looking for food when it stumbled across me? Wait. That thought gave me an idea. What if I killed the dog for a source of food but more so for the warm its body held? Other countries eat dogs. It wouldn t be a completely morbid act to commit. 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I feel even worse once I see other students with normal meal plans, who can only grab a limited amount of food, eat everything on their plate and waste little to none. They simplyRead MoreMt Everest Simulation3700 Words   |  15 Pagescompetent and experienced professional high altitude mountain climber gasping for breath, and desperately fighting to stay alive. Death is not uncommon to mountaineers who ascend Mt. Everest, a simple mistake, faulty judgments, miscommunication, wrong decisions or co mplacency can lead to disastrous consequences. Indeed, climbing Mt. 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UAE’s hard adventures include white-water rafting, and rock climbing. The founder of UAE is . My extensive experiences a multi-sport guide in the Outdoor Recreation Industry, combine with my education from Outdoor Recreation Leadership program which is the #1 ORL curriculum globally to form a solid base of experience. In addition to this I am extremely passionate about the activities UAE offersRead More The Salton Sea Essay example5242 Words   |  21 Pagesbacteria and contamination from DDT , selenium, Botulism , New Castle disease, as well as alga blooms and horrific odors. Social Aspects Not only does this area have practicable functions for such activities like recreation , bird watching, hiking , wildlife habitat and a stop off site for birds on the Pacific Flyway , but it is important place because of its intrinsic value. It was and could be a beautiful ecosystem again. Its values are more then what you can see at first glance. 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In 1896–97, strikes hit St. Petersburg, aided by the Marxists; believing his predictions to be coming true, Vladimir was unhappy at having to abandon the movement.[44] The Tsarist government made use of a large network of prison camps and areas of exile on the verges of its empire to deal with dissidents and criminals; by 1897 there were 300,000 Russian citizens in this system, and Vladimir was now one of them.[45] Permitted to make his own way there, the journey took 11 weeks,Read MoreReading Comprehension Case Study14945 Words   |  60 Pagesand horseback riding. Upon sitting down, she asked the administrator, â€Å"Am I going to help you?† The administrator responded by stating the purpose of the series of surveys that would be completed that day and emphasizing that they would not count towards her grade. 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Marketing Communications Industrial Marketing Management

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Communicationsfor Industrial Marketing Management. Answer: My role in the group was based on researching the brand that we were assigned to it. Adnams Southwold was our company of research. For effective communication of our brand to our listeners, I ensured that I had a logo, website information, and promotional materials (Wang and Montaguti, 2002). Additionally, I had to consider I have in mind several factors that could guarantee that our branding emerged the best in the presentation. I made sure that our branding was of quality. Since I am a marketing student, I did more research and reading before I come up with the company and presentation branding. My research included the best factors that could help me have a good branding. A sample of well-done previous branding exercises also helped me to have the best outcome. I used books, articles and scholar journals that offered me with more knowledge based on branding. I also used the research that on lecturer had given us on branding; what is it and best to go about a branding task. It is through this research process that I realized the importance of how to present our branding presentation to fit the requirements of the assignments and that of our viewers. I also recalled the statement of our lecturer telling us the importance of research for the need of better and quality result in every assignment we could do throughout the semester. With the research, I expanded my knowledge and discoveries based on new ideas of branding. I also came through the research surveys on branding and realized the gaps that exist about branding. I noted the deficiencies and implemented them while I was branding the assignment. When I was doing the emotional selling proposition, I had to consider what exactly could improve the selling of the products and services that will bring up a better marketing strategy. I had to understand that the sales potential of the company was based on their interests and what they desire; rather it is connected to the brain setup and what the customers hear concerning the products (Phelps, 2011). I was then able to come up with the best marketing communications that are viable for the company and could improve the quantity of goods and services for selling. I realized that Adnams Southwold did not have best strategies of emotional selling proposition. Therefore, I ensured that the emotional selling proposition was able to promote the process of selling and customers buying from their heart. The community has a greater probability of influencing and affecting the rates of sales in every company. However, Adnams Southwold was not exceptional in this their selling capacity depended on and experienced several barriers that could not allow them to realize the best emotional selling proposition. Furthermore, the number of their female customers out ways their male clients. To have the best results I had to think beyond the reasonable proposition, which could rather affect the results of my emotional selling proposition results. Through the process of working on emotional selling proposition, I realized that limbic system; a part of the brain could govern the emotional part of the customers hence affecting their purchasing value. Finally, I found out that most of the companies pay more attention to dealing with emotional selling proposition to enable them to get the best approaches and procedures of marketing their products to the customers (The strategic role of marketing: Un derstanding why marketing should be central to your business strategy, 1996). For me to design a suitable print of the television advisement for the brand that we were dealing with, I had to consider some factors that lead to better print and advertisement. I had to take and keep my message in mind about my overall results. Having a clear mind of the messages, I had enabled me to have an imperative mind when I was making the print advertisement designs. It allowed me to come up with effective types of print and advert designs. Additionally, I considered using a more updated logo that was appealing to the viewers of the presentation. My choice for the logo enables me to reach the suitable and relevant audience. I consulted the use of the logo in my presentation from various professional in graphic designs to improve print productions. A proper logo use is directly proportional to the choice of colors (Taghian, 2010). Therefore, I had to take my time to select the right color scheme to improve the level of awareness towards the company. Furthermore, I also had to consider my choice for the size of the print advertising designs. To achieve this, I also consulted with the graphic design professionals who guided me on who to carry out the activity. My choice of typography for the logo was based on the viewers and the target audiences (Jain and Punj, 2009). It was essential to choose the best topography that could well fit the desires of the viewers. I decided to use graphics as compared to photos in my advertising design. The design enabled me to achieve the fun and entertainment sector of the presentation. With the utilization of the best measures, I ended up with a print and TV advert that was entertaining to our viewers (Buttle, 2012). Presenting the Emotional Selling Proposition of the brand was my last activity. During my presentation, I had to apply several communication skills to ensure that the viewers were able to understand the intentions of the presentation. I understood that my ability to communicate effectively would offer meme the best process of conveying and receiving messages (Jain and Punj, 2013). I ensured that during my presentation I maintained eye contact with my viewers. Eye contacted granted me the level of confidence that I desired to deliver the information. However, I had to practice before ensuring that in incorporates several communication skills in my presentation. Prior practice enabled me to have much knowledge concerning Emotional Selling Proposition. Moreover, I decided to use the non-verbal communication skills to illustrate the information such as gestures as well as body language. There are the best means of communication to ensure proper delivery of the information involved (Dobni , Dobni, and Luffman, 2001). I also made sure that was audible so that my viewers could not have difficulties in listening to what I had to present. In so doing, I was clear to all the people I was presenting to including my lecture. My presentation earned my group lots of marks. However, we also took our private time to submit the whole document with my team members to ensure that every individual understood the information in the presentation. We were, therefore, able to answer all the questions that arose from our briefing. Training ad practice improves the rate of our success in dealing with the presentation assignment. References Phelps, E. (2011). Marketing planning strategy. Industrial Marketing Management, 10(4), pp.307-309. The strategic role of marketing: Understanding why marketing should be central to your business strategy. (1996). Long Range Planning, 29(3), p.432. Taghian, M. (2010). Marketing planning: Operationalizing the market orientation strategy. Journal of Marketing Management, 26(9-10), pp.825-841. Buttle, F. (2012). The marketing strategy worksheetA practical planning tool. Long Range Planning, 18(4), pp.80-88. Dobni, B., Dobni, D. and Luffman, G. (2001). Behavioral approaches to marketing strategy implementation. Marketing Intelligence Planning, 19(6), pp.400-408. Jain, S. and Punj, G. (2013). Developing Marketing Strategy: A Framework. Marketing Intelligence Planning, 5(1), pp.34-39. Jain, S. and Punj, G. (2009). Developing Marketing Strategy: A Framework. Marketing Intelligence Planning, 5(1), pp.34-39. Wang, Q. and Montaguti, E. (2002). The RD?marketing interface and new product entry strategy. Marketing Intelligence Planning, 20(2), pp.82-85.

Ncert Class 12 Sociology Essay Example

Ncert Class 12 Sociology Essay Textbook of Sociology for Class XII SOCIAL CHANGE IN INDIA Textbook of Sociology for Class XII M. N. KARNA CONTENTS 1. Structural Processes of Change 2. Cultural Processes of Change 3. State and Social Change 4. Legislation and Democratic Decentralisation 5. Economic Development and Social Change 6. New Groups, Classes and Globalisation 7. Education and Social Change 8. Mass Media and Cultural Change 9. Dissent and Social Change 10. Social Deviance 1 14 25 36 47 57 69 77 86 99 STRUCTURAL PROCESSES OF CHANGE 1 CHAPTER 1 Structural Process of Change Change is a fact of human life. We may not be aware of it in our day-to-day experience but it continues to affect us in one way or the other. A hundred and thousand years might be a moment in the life of rocks and mountains but in human society changes take place in the course of merely a generation or two. Think of a situation in which your grandmother was living in a village where a large number of family members were staying together in one household. She had to maintain purdah and was not allowed to come out of the four walls of the house till she had become old. Now compare it with the condition of your mother. We will write a custom essay sample on Ncert Class 12 Sociology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ncert Class 12 Sociology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ncert Class 12 Sociology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Do you not find a change in the structure of your own family, now when only a few members are staying together ? Your uncle is living in another household with his wife and children. Likewise, your grandfather was an agriculturist but your father might have shifted to the urban area to take up a job in a government office. You will notice several corresponding changes even in the life-style of your own family. These alterations have occurred merely in a generation or two. A close look will reveal changes both in the structure and function of family and in patterns of occupations. It is this dimension of change that we intend to study in the present course. Our focus will be on the nature and extent of social change in contemporary Indian society. The study of social change in India is important for several reasons. It tells us how contemporary Indian society is transforming from a traditional society to a modern developed society. It shows how changes are occurring in our social institutions and what are the factors bringing about such changes. It also indicates our achievements as a nation and identifies problems and setbacks in certain areas of our life. Social change is a process, in the sense that it involves a series of events over a period of time. The idea of continuity is implied in it and shows a sequence of operations that bring about change. Thus, the notion of process indicates two major dimensions of social change—its nature and direction. While the nature of change reveals content of change, the direction speaks about the line in which it is moving. We intend to 2 SOCIAL CHANGE IN INDIA discuss here both the substance and the factors of change. Sociologists in India have analysed the process of social change under two broad categories—structural processes and cultural processes. Structural processes of change are due to a transformation in the network of social relationships. Caste, kinship, family and occupational groups constitute some of the structural realities. Change in these relationships is a structural change. When the traditional agrarian system based on family labour is transformed into agrarian system based on hired labour with a view to produce for the market, we may call it a structural change. The transfor mation of joint family to nuclear family brings about change in structure and function of family. It is through the process of differentiation of roles that structural change takes place. To put it differently, role of a social institution changes due to specific sequence of events making it more effective in the changed situation. In fact, structural differentiation of roles leads to functional specialisation. Reverting to our earlier example, in addition to procreation and rearing of children, joint family performed numerous roles in traditional society in the fields of education, occupation and social security . But after its transformation into nuclear family most of these functions have been taken over by specialised agencies such as schools, economic organisations, government departments and other institutions. Structural change as a result of role differentiation is noticed in almost all domains of social life. You are already familiar with the factors of social change. Therefore, we shall focus on structural processes of social change namely, industrialisation, Westernisation and modernisation. INDUSTRIALISATION Science is an important element of human heritage that produces a systematic knowledge of nature. Technology, on the other hand, is that element which contains the application of this knowledge. In this sense, technology has a utilitarian goal. It has developed mainly due to a desire to apply it for the advantage of common people. This goal has been realised in almost every sphere—industry, agriculture, transport, communication and such other areas. The rapid changes that we experience in our dayto-day life are related to the development of new techniques, new inventions and new modes of production. The application of modern technology in industry has influenced not only our economic life but also our social and cultural system. Industrialisation is a process of technological advancement from domestic production with simple tools to large-scale factory based production. However, sociologically, the term implies a process of economic and social changes arising out of the change in the structure of industry. Industrialisation involves a broad range of social factors that deeply affect the character of social STRUCTURAL PROCESSES OF CHANGE 3 life. For instance, factories give rise to elaborate division of labour, new work culture, etc. Industrialisation in India A wide network of domestic and cottage industries was existing in India even prior to British colonial rule. But modern large-scale industry came only during the later part of the nineteenth century after the Industrial Revolution in Europe. Between the 1850’s when the first major industries started, and 1914 India had established the world’s largest jute manufacturing industry, the fifth largest cotton textile industry and the third largest railway network. In this manner, India had almost a century of industrial development on the eve of the independence. After independence, the pace of industrialisation was significantly accelerated during the periods of FiveYear Plans. It saw the expansion and diversification of the industrial structure with the establishment of several new units. In 1951, there were only two major units producing iron and steel. The number of such major steel plants increased to six by 1980s with the installed capacity of 80 lakh tonnes. The country has made considerable progress in the field of new industries, agricultural tractors, electronics, fertiliser etc. , which were practically nonexistent in 1951. The textile industry is no longer confined to cotton and jute textiles but to a large number of units producing different types of synthetic fibres. An important feature of industrial growth after independence has been the rapid expansion of the public sector enterprises. These produce diverse products such as steel, coal, heavy and light engineering goods, locomotives, aircraft, petroleum products and fertilizers. A brief sketch of industrial growth in India may give us an idea of the extent of industrialisation that has taken place in the country since attaining independence. Social Consequences of Industrialisation We may now turn our attention to the economic and social consequences of industrialisation. Our economic life has witnessed tremendous structural change in the wake of industrialisation. Production has been brought substantially to the factory. Elaborate division of labour, pecialisation of tasks and the growth of a class of industrial workers have resulted from changes in the industrial system. Similarly, the nature of agricultural production has also changed because of change in agricultural practices. With the alteration in agricultural practices, alterations have also occurred in agrarian relations and the life-styles of farm househo lds. Moreover, industrialisation has changed the family mode of production and women are increasingly found in farms, firms and factories to perform different tasks. The new economic role has placed women in the new 4 SOCIAL CHANGE IN INDIA nvironment where they experience a changed social status. This new role of women in turn has brought greater participation of women in decision making in the family. These changes have occurred due to occupational diversification that has been brought about by industrialisation. For example, it cannot be expected that all working members of a family will get jobs in similar occupations and professions and will be posted at the same place. One member, for example, may be engaged in the cultivation of family land in Uttar Pradesh and the other may take up an employment as an engineer in Chennai. Under these circumstances, the break-up of a joint family into small nuclear families is natural. Such structural changes are also accompanied by functional distinctive-ness. For example, the traditional joint family as mentioned earlier, was a multifunctional institution. It had innumerable economic, educational, recreational, socialisational and biological functions. Now, except for the biological and socialisational functions of the family, most of the other functions have been taken over by formal economic organisations, associations and the state. Development of transport and communication have resulted in far reaching consequences. Railways, automobiles and marine transportations have not only increased spatial mobility but have also quickened the rate of internal and external migration. A large number of people are migrating from rural to urban areas to take up new occupations. Similarly, both skilled and unskilled women and men are travelling out of the country in search of better careers. Changes are also witnessed in the system of social stratification. Significant changes are observed in the case of caste system, which is an important structural reality of Indian social system. The separation between caste and occupation is a significant change that has taken place. The occupational diversification has made several occupations ‘caste free’. It is, however, more in towns than in villages and even greater in the large industrialised cities. A considerable number of people located earlier at the lower levels of caste hierarchy and engaged in caste-based occupations are now entering into new occupations. Likewise, castes considered higher in the hierarchy are coming forward for occupations not preferred earlier. The members of lower castes dispensed with traditional occupations primarily because they were considered ‘impure’ and were endowed with low status besides being less profitable. On the other hand, members of upper castes such as Brahmin, Rajput and Kayasth in North India were compelled to take up work like manual labourers, peons in offices and such other low status jobs. In addition to modifications in occupational structure and mobility, changes are seen in the inter-caste power structure. We have so far analysed the socio-economic consequences of STRUCTURAL PROCESSES OF CHANGE 5 industrialisation but we should not overlook one basic fact in this regard. The way in which a society responds to the industrial changes depends on its own creative genius and social environment. We, therefore, find a substantial difference between one society and another in the degree to which changes take place as a result of industrialisation. impersonal. The relationship is based on a complex division of labour and is contractual in nature. Urbanisation in India India is a land of villages and will remain so for decades to come. However, it does not mean that cities have been absent from this vast sub-continent. Existence of cities in India can be traced back to as early as third millennium B . C . Archeological excavations reveal older traces of urbanisation. Historians tell us that a truly urban civilisation emerged in the Indus Valley with Mohenjodaro and Harappa as important urban centres. In addition to these two cities, several other urban settlements such as Kalibangan in northern Rajasthan, Lothal in Gujarat and Banwali in Haryana also emerged as the major centres. In the subsequent period, urbanisation was not confined to a particular area. This phase of urbanisation finds mention in the postVedic literature in the north and Sangam literature in the south. The Buddhist texts also mention the existence of the urban centres. Furthermore, urbanisation during the medieval times was spread out from Srinagar in the north to Madurai in the south. This period was marked more by the revival of old cities than the establishment of new cities and towns. These preindustrial cities, however, existed primarily as centres of pilgrimage, as royal capitals and as trading centres. Cities with modern industrial character grew in India only after the URBANISATION Urbanisation is a process by which people instead of living in villages start living in towns and cities. It involves a mode by which agriculture-based habitat is transformed into nonagricultural urban habitat. The growth of urban centres is the result of accelerated industrial and service functions. An increase in the size of towns and cities leading to growth of urban population is the most significant dimension of urbanisation. These centres are essentially non-agricultural in character. Urbanisation as a structural process of change is related to industrialisation but it is not always the result of industrialisation. In certain cases, urbanisation has taken place even without industrialisation. Industrialisation is always connected with economic growth but we cannot say the same about urbanisation. Urban environment produces a particular kind of social life which Lois Wirth, a core member of the Chicago School, calls urbanism. Social life in cities is more formal and 6 SOCIAL CHANGE IN INDIA contact with the West. The process of urbanisation was accelerated during the British colonial regime. The British Indian administration promoted urbanisation on a large scale. The major port towns of Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai owe their beginning, growth and importance to the colonial efforts. Similarly, regional summer capitals were established in remote mountainous areas like Srinagar, Shillong and Shimla. The princely states did not develop as fast but even they had capital towns. Some of the princely states like Hyderabad, Indore, Jaipur and Mysore had population exceeding one lakh. The urban scenario changed remarkably after independence. The proportion of urban population to the total population increased from 17. 6 per cent in 1951 to 25. 7 per cent in 1991. The number of cities with population of one million or more increased from 5 to 23 during the same period. According to the census of 2001 urban population stands at 27. 78 per cent and number of cities having population more than one million has increased to 35. The noteworthy growth of urban population after independence has been largely due to the rapid increase in population, ruralurban migration, city-centred industrialisation and the over all neglect of villages. The emerging trends of urbanisation in India reveal that urban migration is fairly significant. A large number of people from rural areas are shifting not only to big cities but even to medium-sized cities and small towns. Distance is not a barrier. One readily finds villagers moving from farflung areas of north Indian state to the cities in south India. Migrants are mainly employed in manufacturing and service occupations. Besides, the seasonal migration of unskilled labourers, too, has become common. We find labourers from Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Orissa working in agricultural farms of Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh. Labourers begin with seasonal migration and later on start settling permanently in areas of their choice. Social Effects of Urbanisation Let us now turn to the social effects of accelerated urbanisation. Urbanisation has altered the structure of joint family as a result of occupational diversification. Consequently, the functions of family and kinship have declined considerably. The traditional family norms are relaxed and interpersonal relationships have become more formal. An urban child now grows within much smaller world. No kinsmen are available in nuclear family to take care of her/ him. The child has to select playmates outside the family. In this manner, the child develops a new type of personality characterised by ideas of freedom and innovation. Such a situation is remarkably different from the environment of dependence found in a joint family. The nature of love and affection in interpersonal relationship has also changed. While children and STRUCTURAL PROCESSES OF CHANGE 7 their mothers receive considerable attention, sentiments and attachment towards other relatives have weakened. Likewise, the division of domestic duties between wife and husband is changing in the urban settings. They both share domestic duties, as there is no other adult member available to share the burden. Thus, social life in urban areas faces isolation due to diminishing kinship obligations. Several ties that formerly bound members of the family to group and community life are now broken. Consequently, the quality of human relationships tends to become more formal and impersonal. Another visible change is in the domain of caste identity. Urban dwellers participate in networks that include persons of several castes. Individual achievement and modern status symbols have become more important than caste identity. Caste norms are not strictly maintained which is manifest in commensal relations, marital alliances and in occupational relations. It is, thus, possible to suggest that urban way of life has made people think more as individuals than as members of a particular caste. The importance of ascription as the basis of social status is declining and the significance of achievement is taking its place. The level of education, nature of occupation and the level of income are now major indicators of one’s achievement in an urban setup. Therefore, people recognise education, occupation and income as prerequisites for higher ocial status. It does not mean that the achieved status has completely replaced ascribed status and class has fully overshadowed caste. It is, however, necessary to clarify that changes brought about by urbanisation have not altogether replaced the traditional patterns of family, kinship and caste. They go through adaptations and their functions are not completely erod ed. Urban Problems We have already seen how urbanisation is proceeding at a considerable pace in India. It has affected different domains of people’s life. The expansion of urban centres has also given rise to a variety of problems. The physical space is dingy, quality of life is poor and urban governance is unimaginative. Overcrowding and pollution, sub-standard housing and slums, crime and delinquency, alcoholism and drug abuse are a few of them. We shall discuss some of them which have far reaching consequences for the country. Urban overcrowding is the result of the massive size of India’s urban population. Its impact is visible in declining services in the areas of housing, water supply, sanitation, transport, power supply and employment opportunity. Increasing number of homeless people, high rate of rent and a scramble for the few available houses are commonly found in most of the cities and towns. The density of urban population in India works out to be around 3, 500 persons 8 SOCIAL CHANGE IN INDIA per square kilometre in 1991. This is more than the accepted norm of 400 per square kilometre. Thus, urban areas have more people than they can support with the available infrastructure. Related to the problem of housing and overcrowding is the problem of slums. The slum is an area of dingy neglected houses where people live in poverty without minimum civic amenities. The estimates of India’s urban population living in slums vary widely. However, according to an estimate, not less than 45 million people were living in slums in 1995 and as the urban population is increasing fast, their number must have had increased by now. It is said that the Indian population living in slums is more than the total population of about 107 countries of the world. Generally, the larger a city, the more the people live in slums. Naturally, metros like Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata have more slums than the small and medium size towns. In 1991, slum-dwellers formed 45 per cent of the population in Mumbai, 44 per cent in Delhi and 42 per cent in Kolkata. The situation is no better in other metropolises like Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmadabad etc. In reality, the problems of slums are multiplying in the wake of city’s incapacity to meet the rising demands of growing population. Pollution is another major problem of cities. There are several sources of rising pollution. Cities discharge 40 to 60 per cent of their entire sewage and industrial effluents into the adjoining rivers. The smaller towns ump garbage and excreta into the nearest waterways through their open drains. Likewise, urban industries pollute the atmosphere with smoke and gases from their old chimneys. Vehicular emission in Delhi accounts for 64 per cent of its air pollution. In fact, Delhi has the dubious distinction of being one of the most polluted cities in the world. The poison that we put in the environment comes back to us through air , water and food. It gradually causes diseases and disorders making life miserable and hazardous. The issue of environmental pollution in urban areas has been recognised and steps have been taken to ease the situation. Even the Supreme Court of India intervened and ordered closure of polluting industrial units in Delhi. Recently, the use of nonpolluting Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) has been made mandatory for buses and three-wheelers in Delhi as per the order of the Supreme Court. There are a number of other problems faced by urban centres which are not discussed here for the sake of brevity. Important among them are the problems of urban poverty, urban planning and urban governance. MODERNISATION Modernisation is both an idea and a process. As it is an idea, there is no agreement among social scientists on its meaning and interpretation. In the decades after the Second World War it was believed in industrial capitalist STRUCTURAL PROCESSES OF CHANGE 9 countries such as Britain and the United States that the key to economic development in the Third World was modernisation. The concept of modernisation, thus, emerged as an explanation of how these societies developed through capitalism. By providing such an explanation Western scholars desired to convince the underdeveloped countries like India that economic development was possible under capitalism. According to this approach, modernisation depends primarily on introduction of technology and the knowledge required to make use of it. Besides, several social and political prerequisites have been identified to make modernisation possible. Some of these prerequisites are: 1. increased levels of education, 2. development of mass media, 3. accessible transport and communication, 4. democratic political institutions, 5. more urban and mobile population, 6. nuclear family in place of extended family, 7. complex division of labour, 8. declining public influence of religion, and; 9. eveloped markets for exchange of goods and services in place of traditional ways of meeting such needs. Modernisation is, thus, supposed to be the result of the presence of these prerequisites in the social system. It is clear that the term modernisation has been used here in a very broad sense. We, therefore, find different views about the scope and area to be covered by the concept of modernisation. Some soc iologists limit modernisation to its structural aspect, others emphasise its cultural dimension. A few studies highlight the issue of political modernisation and still others analyse its psychological meaning. Of course, the treatment of the concept in terms of it being a process of social change is found in Learner’s writing. Daniel Lerner in his essay on ‘Modernisation’, included in Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences, explains modernisation in these words: â€Å"Modernisation is the current term for an old process — the process of social change whereby less developed societies acquired characteristics common to more developed societies. † He further writes, â€Å"Modernisation, therefore, is the process of social change in which development is the economic component. Obviously this understanding of the term corresponds with the meaning which we have given to the term at the beginning of our discussion. Accordingly, modernisation is a process of change, which takes a country from underdevelopment to development. It produces social environment for economic development. The growth in industrialisation, urbanisation, national income and per capita income are taken as criteria of development. However, while accepting the economic criteria of development, some sociologists have added non-economic 10 SOCIAL CHANGE IN INDIA riteria to judge development. They argue that rising output alone is not sufficient to assess the level of development. A society has to move from rising output to self-sustaining growth. Therefore, non-economic criteria such as the level of education, function of media, growth of communication and social norms conducive to change have to be taken into consideration. The meaning of modernisation given above incorporates primarily, structural aspects of change. In other words, with modernisation structural transformation takes place in economy, polity and social institutions. It is to be noted here that the concept of modernisation has also been explained in cultural terms. In this sense, modernisation implies change in values and attitudes. Modernity involves values and norms that are universal in nature. Explaining this aspect of moder nisation Yogendra Singh suggests that modernisation implies a rational attitude towards issues and their evaluation from a universal viewpoint. Thus, technological advancement and economic growth are not the sole criterion to judge the level of modernisation of a society. The commitment to scientific world-view and humanistic ideas are equally important. Moreover, the idea of modernisation has also been analysed in terms of the paired concepts of tradition and modernity. It has been argued that modernity stands as opposite of tradition. In this sense, all the underdeveloped societies are characterised as traditional and the developed societies as modern. Modernisation, thus, implies a change from tradition to modernity. Change occurs, according to this view, in predictable direction. In other words, in order to modernise, every society has to follow the same direction and adopt a similar path. All the existing values and structures have to be replaced by the new values and structures. Nonetheless, sociologists from the developing countries are critical of this understanding of modernisation. They maintain that modernisation does not stand as a polar opposite to tradition. Traditional values and institutions are not necessarily discarded while taking up new values in the process of change. Society adopts new values because they are considered more efficient and rewarding. In view of this, these sociologists hold that modernisation would develop typical forms in different societies. Patterns of modernisation, thus, may vary from society to society. The discussion shows that processes of modernisation involve both structural and cultural dimensions. However, given the present context, we shall deal with modernisation primarily as a structural process of change. Modernisation in India Some sociologists make a distinction between social change and modernisation in order to assess the nature of change in the traditional Indian society. Though, social change occurred in traditional India, it was essentially pre-modern in nature. One STRUCTURAL PROCESSES OF CHANGE 11 raditional institution was just replaced by the other and no basic structural change took place in social system and culture. Historically, modernisation in India started from the establishment of the British rule and has continued even after independence. The nature and direction of modernisation during these two phases have been different. Therefore, it is appropriate to examine the processes of moderni sation under two distinct phases — the colonial phase and the post-colonial phase. As has been mentioned earlier, modernisation in India commenced after the arrival of the British rule. The contact with the West brought about far reaching changes in social structure and cultural institutions. Changes were witnessed in almost all important areas of life. The British administration introduced new arrangements in legal, agrarian, educational and administrative domains. Most of these led to structural modernisation. For instance, the bureaucratic system of administration and judiciary introduced by them were based on modern rational norms, which replaced the traditional Indian legal norms, based on the principle of hierarchy and ascription. A similar transformation took place in the system of education and agrarian structure. The Western system of education was introduced towards the middle of the nineteenth century and expanded significantly thereafter. New patter ns of land settlements such as Zamindari, Raiyatwari and Mahalwari covering the whole of British India resulted in systematisation of revenue administration. Some other areas experiencing modernising trends were industrialisation, urbanisation, transport and communication, army and the emergence of industrial working class and so forth. The emergence and growth of a nationalist political leadership was also the result of growing modernisation of Indian society. In fact, the nationalist leadership became so strong towards the early part of the twentieth century that freedom movement itself generated a new culture of modernisation. It is apparent from the above that the colonial phase of modernisation created a wide network of structure and culture which was modern and had an all-India appeal. However, it is important to point out here that during the colonial phase the local regional structures of family, caste and village community remained more or less unaffected by the forces of modernisation. At these levels, the British, by and large, followed a policy of least interference. Consequently, we do not find much change in the structures of family, caste and village. Let us, now, briefly examine the process of modernisation in the postcolonial India. Modernisation process has undergone some fundamental changes after the Independence. Every domain of social system is under the active influence of modernising process. Modernisation has, now, become an integral part of the developmental strategy. 12 SOCIAL CHANGE IN INDIA The political system has assumed a new shape after the adoption of a parliamentary form of government based on adult franchise. Political parties have emerged as powerful organs of the system. Thus, democratic political structure has effectively led to increasing political consciousness among people. The process of politicisation has, further, been accelerated through the Panchayati Raj institutions. The foundations of traditional family structure have come under the influence of legal reforms in marriage and inheritance. The family introduced egalitarian norms in family leading to raised status of women. Similarly, caste has assumed new functional roles. It has acquired an associational character. New consciousness has emerged among dalits. Increasing role of caste in politics is a pointer to this trend. Moreover, land reforms, too, have brought structural transformation in agrarian social structure. However, it is pertinent to call attention to the fact that modernisation in India has not been a uniformly progressive movement. Two crucial issues may be pointed out in this regard. First, in the process of modernisation several traditional institutions and activities have been reinforced. For example, religious pre

102 Week 1 Journal Response Professor Ramos Blog

102 Week 1 Journal Response Find an article that relates in some way to the things we have been talking about in class. First, summarize the text, explaining how you are understanding what they are saying. Second, connect it to our class. Why did you pick it? How does it connect to our class? Include a link to the text. Should be about 250 words in length. Some things we have talked about: Critical Thinking Writing Genres Music and Movies 102 Week 1 Journal Response Find an article that relates in some way to the things we have been talking about in class. First, summarize the text, explaining how you are understanding what they are saying. Second, connect it to our class. Why did you pick it? How does it connect to our class? Include a link to the text. Should be about 250 words in length. Some things we have talked about: Critical Thinking Ignorance Writing Process Research Population Control 2BR02B Problems/Solutions Decisions and Repercussions

The Limitations of the Behaviourist Approach to the Study of Learning, Essay

The Limitations of the Behaviourist Approach to the Study of Learning, with Reference to Chomsky's Critique of Skinner - Essay Example Chomsky’s works have been rated as the most influential pieces in the study of psychology particularly concerning behaviourism. In this case, a lot of transformations were witnessed amongst learners who studied the language. With his works labelled as classics, and having all the evidence in regard to the study of language, as opposed to behaviourism that is too general, this work shall aim to understand the limitations of the behaviourist approach, with the reference to Skinner. 2.0. Body In the views of Noam Chomsky, the aspect of behaviour cannot be understood in the study of B.F. Skinner’s operant conditioning. According to the thoughts of Routledge & Chapman (2005) Chomsky indicates that Skinner’s work is the worst ever written in the history of psychology. In this case, Chomsky indicates that his work comprises tangible evidence and conclusions as compared to the behaviourism standpoint. First, Chomsky argues against the viewpoint of Skinner’s learni ng through operant conditioning by arguing that one cannot study the behaviour of an individual, but not the components under study. The psychologists in this case, must not rely on the existing evidence and the abilities portrayed by the individuals, but the psychologists must go a step ahead and analyze the contents of the brain of the persons under study. From the brain, the researchers are likely to understand how the behaviours portrayed by the individuals have come into practicality. The brain, according to Chomsky (2006), is the root of the behaviours portrayed by the individual. The behaviours are simply a replica of the processes that go on in the individuals’ brain and cannot be alienated from the end product that is the behaviours of the individuals (Chomsky, 2006). In relation to Chomsky, Skinner went for end product- the behaviours portrayed- without getting to the grounds in which the behaviour has its roots. According to Altmann & Gaskell (2007), Chomsky emphas ises that study of the brain gives evidence of the behaviours portrayed by the individuals. In his work, Chomsky compares the study of behaviour to referring to Physics as readings in Science without considering the fact that the readings are mere data collected after an occurrence of a certain experiment by the learners or scientists in the laboratory (Randall, 2007). The study, analysis, testing and comparisons of data in the study of any field are compulsory. The end product cannot be alienated from its components; thus, the study of behaviour by Chomsky holds much evidence as compared to Skinner’s study on operant conditioning and learning. On another view point, Chomsky indicates that yet another limitation of Skinner’s behaviourist approach is that he relied so much on speculations as compared to critical study of the conditional behaviour. Scheer (2010) indicates that Skinner applied experimental investigations that had unfounded experimental techniques that wou ld have led to his study to having valid evidence on human behaviour. The limited significance of the techniques led to the coming up with the premise that behaviour cannot rely on inferences, but critical analysis of facts. According to Shackelford & Vonk (2012), Chomsky holds the view that language can only be understood in relation to Information

Theories of Bad Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theories of Bad Leadership - Essay Example And (5) Are good and bad leadership qualitatively different phenomena? Kellerman’s views from her discourse entitled â€Å"Costs and Benefits: Why We Need to Study Bad Leadership† proffered pertinent issue relative to incompetent leaders based on two claims: (1) placing bad leadership on two axes: unethical and ineffective; and (2) stipulating seven types of bad leadership, to wit: incompetent, rigid, intemperate, callous, corrupt, insular, and evil (Kellerman, 2004, pp. 3-4). By eventually expounding on the costs of bad leadership, as well as finding justifications for any perceived benefits and confirming in the end that â€Å"without followers nothing happens, including bad leadership† (Kellerman, 2004, p. 8). One therefore shares the same contention as the evidence Kellerman presented to prove from the cited actual examples that it actually takes two to tango. From the point of view of Kellerman, leaders can fail given the opportune situation and with the assistance, negligence, blind obedience, conformity, or even ignorance of the followers. Aside from exhibiting any or a combination of the seven types of bad leadership enumerated above, leaders apparently fail with the assistance of the followers. Kellerman cited followers who were deemed enablers, blind supporters, covering for the leaders’ mistakes, compliant and ignorant stakeholders who enable leaders to operate without the benefit of checks and balances, and allowing assuming an avoiding stance. Lipman-Blumen’s view, on the other hand, used six psychological factors that explain why people apparently allow, choose, and support the existence of bad leaders. These factors include the needs for reassuring figures, security and certainty, feel special or chosen, and being part of a community; as well as fears for being ostracized and being powerless (Lipman-Bluman, 2006, p. 29). These psychological factors that could be traced since developmental stages form the basis for selecting leaders

Risk Factors for Solitary Seizures

Risk Factors for Solitary Seizures DISCUSSION The aim of this study is to find out the underlying risk factors involved in recurrence of solitary seizure in patient with normal neuroimaging, in patients in whom treatment is not initiated. This will help to guide the patients who are at risk for recurrence. After the detailed history and clinical examination, laboratory and electroencephalogram and imaging, we analyzed the similarities and differences which will help in making conclusions from this study. Comparisons were done with other studies conducted related to this study. In present study total number of 110 cases from OPD (Medicine) and those admitted in wards, Command hospital, southern command, Pune with history of solitary seizure was taken after satisfying the inclusion criteria. In a study by Mussico24 in 2002, subjects less than 25years constituted 48% as compared to 50% in present study i.e 55 cases were < 25 years. Mean age at the time of seizure was 32 years in study of Von Donselaar23 in 2000 and 24.8 years in the study of Mussico24. The mean age at the time of seizure in our study is 29.62 years. The youngest patient was of 18 year and the oldest patient was 70 year old. Hopkins25 in 1998 conducted a study in which most frequent age range was 16-29 years. . This is similar to result of Von Donselaar23 (2000) concluded from his study of subjects who are 20 years or more, in which the most frequently affected age group is 30 years. Study regarding duration of new onset seizure showed that out of 60 cases, 38 cases (63.33%) had seizure for 10 Min. Mean duration of seizure was 5.11 min in our study as compared to 6.23 min in a study by Bernal B, Altman NR58 (2003). Maximum patient (30 cases; 60%) had seizure duration less than 5 min which is similar to the study done by Benbadis SR 59et al. (1995). Male to female ratio is 11:1 in present study. Annegers26 (1996) and Bora27(1995) found a slight preponderance of female cases in their study. Many authors(Von Donselaar23 2000, Mussico24 2002, Hopkins40 1998) report a mild to moderate preponderance of males in their studies. Imaging was done in all 110 cases. It was abnormal in 34 cases (31%) and normal in 76% cases. In patients with with abnormal neuroimaging, antiepileptic treatment was started and remaining cases were followed up for 12 months for recurrence. Bernal B, Altman NR58 (2003) found 37% CT head abnormality in patients presented with single seizure. Wallace60 (1974) conducted a study in which imaging revealed abnormality in 51 out of 132 subjects (38%). But reports in various study varies from 19% (Young34 et al 1982) to 51% (Rogel Ortiz50 F, 2006). CT was diagnostic in 34% case of generalized seizure shown in study by Scolloni Lanzurri G72 (1977) In present study, abnormal EEG was seen in 14 cases (12.73%) out of 110 cases. A Berg and D. Bettis et al98 (2000) found abnormal EEG in 42% of cases of singles seizure during post ictal period in their study. In study done by Van donselar 23(2000), EEG found epileptiform discharges in 29% subjects. In present study, all patient with abnormal EEG or imaging were started on antiepileptics and remaining patient with normal EEG/ imaging were not given antiepileptic treatment (60 cases) and followed up for 1 year for recurrence. Risk factors were studed in recurrence and non recurrence group. Various risk factors such as family history of seizures, childhood convulsion, past history/ evidence of tuberculosis, developmental delay, history of alcohol intake, head injury and sleep deprivation, abnormal neurological examination were studied and were compared with different studies. Family history was present in 3 cases (5%) out of total 60 cases which were followed up in our study, out of 3 cases(5%) with family history of seizure, 1 case has shown recurrence, while Shinnar S and Berg AT 41(1998) found positive family history in 5% of cases which is similar to our study. History of developmental delay was present in 2 cases (3.3%), and history of febrile convulsion were present in 4 cases (6.67%) among the untreated follow up group. Annegers26 (1996) and Bora27 (1996) have shown that neurologic deficit from birth was more common in association with seizure in males as compared to females in their studies. . 3 cases (5%) had history of Alcoholism. (Alc E 1997) shown that alcohol use has been to be a powerful risk factor for a first generalized tonic clonic seizure. Out of 60 cases which were followed, 24 cases had one or more of the above mentioned risk factor. Out of these 24, 4 cases recurred ( 17 %). While in patients without these risk factors i.e in 36 cases only 6 % cases (2 cases) recurred. Hence, presence of these risk factors increases the rate of recurrence in cases of single seizure. American College of Emergency Physician Policy (2004)38 also state that rate of recurrence is more in those patent who has one or more of these risk factors and should be treated with antiepileptic treatment irrespective of CT head and EEG. Out of total number of 6 recurrence, 1(16.7%) occurred within 7 days, 3 (50%) occurred within next 21 days of first seizure, 1 (16.7%) occurred within 1 to 3 months of first seizure. Hence, risk of recurrence decreased with passage of time. Scotoni49 et al (1999) and Das46 et al (2006) has also reported recurrence rate to be much higher in first three months. Rate of recurrence was 10 % in our study i.e. out of 60 patients with solitary unprovoked seizure with normal neurological examination and normal neuroimaging which were followed up for 12 months, 6 cases has shown recurrence, and almost all cases recurred in first 3 months. In previous studies done, rate of recurrence varied from 16% to 71 % (Treinman DM55, 1993), but follow up duration was different. In a study by D. Chadwick48 et al (Lancet 2006), recurrence rate was 21% in follow up of 1 year, most cases recurred within 3 months which is comparable to our study. Scotoni AE et al49 (1999) conducted the study rate of recurrence was 18%, duration of follow up was 6 months in this study. Out of 60 untreated cases 6 (10.0%) had recurrence in next 12 month. 3 cases in 18-25 age group (10.34%),1 cases in 26-35 age group (5.88%),1 case in 36-45 age group (12.50 %),0 case in 46-55 age group and 1 case in >55 age group(50.0%) had recurrence. In study by Mussico 24(2002) in which less than 16 years age group has double the recurrence risk of seizure as compared to 16-60 years age group. 6/ 60 cases had recurrence out of which 4 cases were male and 2 were female, total cases in male group were 55 and in female group were 5, hence recurrence rate was 7.3% in male and 40% in female. This sex difference in our study is due to cases were taken in military hospital, male population is more In study by D. Chadwick 18et al (2006), sex difference in recurrence and non recurrence group was not very significant. Study regarding duration of new onset seizure showed that out of 60 cases, 38 cases (63.33%) had seizure for 10 Min. The mean duration of seizure in recurrence group was 8.17 Â ± 4.44 min as compared to 4.7 Â ± 3.0 min in non recurrence group. Incidence of seizure recurrence is more in patients with longer duration of seizure. Duration of seizure at initial presentation was 10.1 + 5.2 min in the recurrence group and 6.5 + 4.1 min in the non recurrence group in a study by Das C.P.46 et al (2006). Martinovic and Jovic et al 51(2004) conducted a study in which the mean duration of seizure was 26.4 min in recurrence group and 4.6 min non recurrence group in a study. In one of 6 patients(16.6%) in recurrence group, family history of seizure was present compared to study conducted by Das46 et al (2006) and Hauser 43 (1998) repoted that sibling affected with epilepsy is a risk factor for recurrence of seizure in patients with solitary seizure. In our study, history of alcohol intake was present in 16.6% cases in recurrence group as compared to 3.70 % in non recurrence group which is same as those of alcohol and epilepsy study group (1997). Earnest and Feldman et al61 (1988) found similar results history of alcoholism in 12% of recurrent cases after single seizure.

Analysis of The Communist Manifesto Essay -- Karl Marx, marxism, Bourg

Karl Marx (1818-1883) was one of the most influential thinkers and writers of modern times. Although it was only until after his death when his doctrine became world know and was titled Marxism. Marx is best known for his publication, The Communist Manifesto that he wrote with Engels; it became a very influential for future ideologies. A German political philosopher and revolutionary, Karl Marx was widely known for his radical concepts of society. This paper give an analysis of â€Å"The Manifesto† which is a series of writings to advocate Marx ‘s theory of struggles between classes. I will be writing on The Communist Manifesto, published in 1848, which lays down his theories on socialism and Communism. The Manifesto has four sections. In the first section, it discusses Communism, and the theory of history and the relationship between Proletarians and Bourgeoisie. The second section explains the relationship between the Communists and the proletarians. The third sections addressed the flaws in other previous socialist literature. The final section discusses the relationship between the Communists and other The Communist Manifesto describes how as history society matured so did the history of class conflicts. Claiming that every society is essentially divided into the oppressors and the oppressed (126). Marx will explain in the past, societies were organized in more complex combinations and hierarchies, but modern society is being split into two ‘hostile camps’ (128). He saw he bourgeoisie as nothing more than millionaires who sought to profit with the Industrial Revolution and the begging of globalization. Doing so at the expense of the proletariats, which can be explained as the working or lower class. Today we can compare the b... ...in equality would be through socialist system. Abolishing private property that only adds to the bourgeoisie’s capital furthering their power. The working class is nothing more than human capital, â€Å"the means of production within a society both engenders and controls them, making them slaves to the production of goods†. He advocated that communism is the only alternative to escape this system. Thought is a product of matter and without; there would be no separate ideas. Equally comes from placing society† his or her according ability and to each according to their need†. Works Cited http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1852/germany/index.htmWritten: 1851-1852;†¨First Published: New York Tribune, 1851-1852, as book, 1896;†¨Edited: Eleanor Marx Aveling;†¨Transcribed: Sally Ryan 1999;†¨HTML Markup: Sally Ryan 1999;†¨ Proofed and corrected: Mark Harris 2010.

Stress Management Introduction

Stress is a stage produced by a change in the environment that is perceived as challenging, threatening or damaging to the person’s dynamic balance or equilibrium. It is a natural part of life but Hans Selye defines it as â€Å"the nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it. † That means good things (for example, a job promotion) to which we must adapt (termed eustress) and bad things (for example, the death of a loved one) to which we must adapt (termed distress). Other individuals explain stress as a person’s physical and psychological reaction to the demands in his or her life.Furthermore, Selye was really onto something. His research proved so interesting and important that he drew a large number of followers. One of these was A. T. W Simeons who related evolution to psychosomatic disease. He also stated that when our self- esteems to threatened, the brain prepares the body with the fight-or-flight response. People use the word â€Å"stressà ¢â‚¬  in various ways: as an external force that causes a person to become tense or upset, as the internal state of arousal, and as the physical response of the body to various demands.In other words, the body reacts to stressors – the things that upset or excite us – in the same way, whether they are positive or negative. In addition, it is further characterized as: (1) it is a product of unpleasant environment emanating from negative experience, (2) it is a person’s response to chaotic set of environment and (3) it is a gap between the requirements of a situation and the ability to meet such. Background of the study In 2008, Reynolds and Turner believed that stress is a multifaceted phenomenon that may even have beneficial effects in some cases.Other researchers have added to the work of Cannon, Selye, Simeons, and others to shed more light on the relationship of stress to body processes. With this understanding has come a better appreciation of which illness es and diseases are associated with stress and how to prevent these conditions from developing. Others also helped clarify the effects of stress. Stewart Wolf demonstrated its effects on digestive function; Lawrence Leshan studied its effects on the development of cancer; Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman identified relationship between stress and coronary heart diseases; and Wolf and Wolff studied stress and headaches.Others in fact have found ways of successfully treating people with stress-related illness. The ABC model which was formulated by Albert Ellis shows how distress is the result of our beliefs about events rather than of the events themselves. According to him, an activating event triggers people to form an irrational or negative belief about it, which in turn shapes the consequences and of the event. On the other hand, a stressor is any stimulus from internal or external environment which challenges the adaptation capabilities of an individual and places a strain upon th e person resulting to a stressful reaction or illness.It has a potential of triggering a fight-or-flight response. As far as anyone can tell, internal psychological stressors are rare or even absent in most animals but present in humans. This stressor for which our bodies were evolutionarily trained is a threat to our safety. We encounter many different types of stressor. Some are environmental (toxins, heat, cold), some psychological (threats to self-esteem, depression), others sociological (unemployment, death of loved one), and still others philosophical (use of time, purpose in life).Now that you know what a stressor is and what stress reactivity is, it is time to define stress itself. Defining stress becomes a problem, even for the experts. Still another view of stress conceptualizes it as the difference between pressure and adaptability. That is, stress = pressure – adaptability. For our purpose, we will operationally define stress as the combination of a stressor and s tress reactivity. Without both of these components, there is no stress. Dr. Hans Selye, one of the first people to study stress, divides people into 2 categories: racehorses and turtles.A racehorse loves to run and will die from exhaustion if it is corralled or confined in a small space. A turtle on the other hand will die from exhaustion if it is forced to run on a treadmill, moving too fast for its slow nature. We each have to find our own healthy stress level, somewhere between that of the racehorse and the turtle. The key in coping with stress is realizing that your perception and response to stressors are crucial. Changing the way you interpret the events or situations – a skill called â€Å"reframing† – can make all the difference.Physical reactions to stress are muscle tension, sweating, over alertness, dry mouth or throat, chest discomfort, sleep problems, fast and shallow breathing and butterflies in the stomach. Emotional reactions to stress are feelin g under pressure, feeling tense and unable to relax, increased tearfulness, feelings of conflict, feeling mentally drained, frustration of aggression, fears of social embarrassment, being constantly frightened, increasing irritability/ complaining, lacking inability to feel pleasure and the Feeling of mentally drained.Dealing with the effects of stress, you can minimize many of the physical effects of stress by utilizing these single self-help techniques. For headache, have a warm bath or lie down quietly for a few hours to relieve it. For palpitations, breathe deeply and slowly to encourage your heartbeat to return to normal. For loss of appetite, eat small portions of food that you find appetizing and take your time eating.For rapid breathing, try â€Å"Breathing to Relax technique† by breathing slowly and deeply through your nose and out to your mouth, expanding your abdomen as you breathe in. For sweating, loosen tight garments and shed any extra layers of clothing. For i ncreased urination, restrict your intake of fluid, especially tea and coffee, if you know you are going to be in a stressful situation and for reduce sex drive, explain to your partner that your loss of interest is temporary and not a rejection of him or her.To Manage stress one should (1) Get priorities right, (2) Exercise regularly, (3) Learn to delegate, (4) Make space for leisure time, (5) Try to develop a social network, (6) Have a proper breaks for meal, (7) Listen carefully to those around you, (8) Try to keep things in proportion, (9) Get to know yourself better and (10) Enjoy yourself, and your family and friends. Statement of the Problem 1. ) Why do people need to know the effects of stress to one’s health? 2. ) How does stress arise among people? 3. ) How can people deal with stress? 4. )How can stress be evaluated? 5. Why do college students more prone to stress than high school students? Objectives of the study This study aims: 1. ) To distinguish the different e ffects of stress to one’s health/being. 2. ) To explain how stress arise among people/ individual. 3. ) To discuss several ways on how people can deal with stress. 4. ) To evaluate stress levels. 5. ) To differentiate college and high school student’s stress probability. Significance of the Study 1. ) Students. It will help them particularly the higher students (the colleges) because they experience several problems, financially, love life, wrong time management and more.Stress has a relation to their academic performance. 2. ) Workers. They experience work blues because of their doubts about their job, their co workers and more. It may be helpful to them. 3. ) Family. It will be helpful to them for different problems like for bills, foods, clothes and other things needed in the family makes the parents or the bread winner stress. 4. ) Government and other institution’s people. Since they are responsible for the welfare of the people, they are prone to stress. D ifferent problems of the community were blamed to them, that’s why this is helpful to them.

Essay about Business Ethics - 1439 Words

What is ethics? Ethics can be defined as a set of principles used by an individual to govern his or her decisions in an effort to ensure fairness and equality. Business ethics, as defined by the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is the applied ethics discipline that addresses the moral features of commercial activity. The same source also gives a history of business ethics which states that the concept as an academic principle is relatively young-only about forty years old; but in general is as old as trade itself. In this paper, the following aspects of ethics will be discussed: Ethical issues faced in business; recent trends in business ethics; international considerations in business ethics; quantitative techniques and ethics.†¦show more content†¦As such, business people go to great lengths to protect the company’s ideas; even going so far as to require employees to sign confidentiality agreements. If an employee gives out confidential information, whethe r voluntarily or involuntarily, it has the potential to set the company back and cause them to lose money. According to Miranda Morley in her article titled ‘What Are the Major Ethical Issues Businesses Face?’ Other issues faced are employee behavior, employee work conditions and supplier/customer relations. If, for example, a supervisor discriminated against an employee because off race, religion or gender it would be deemed unethical. It may also be seen as unethical for an employee to spend company time doing personal activities. In respect to employee work conditions, it is unethical for employers to subject employees to unsafe work areas; to not compensate employees adequately for the work done; or to require an employee to do an unusually difficult task or work unusually long hours. With regard to supplier/customer relations, business owners must consider whether it is ethical to do business with a supplier that has unethical practices. For example a clothing store must decide if they will continue to do business with a supplier who utilizes child labor. Businesses must also ensure that they do not falsely advertise products or services or produce anything sub-standard for clients. Recent Trends in BusinessShow MoreRelatedBusiness Ethics : Ethics And Business943 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussions in Business is Ethics. Some people believe that the decisions businesses make in interest of the business has no place in ethics and that they are essentially amoral. These businesses believe that their main objective is to simply make a profit and that it does not affect the success of the business. Whereas some businesses believe that they have to take ethics into consideration, in order for their business to be a success. Richard T. De George (1999) states that ethics and business do notRead MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics1471 Words   |  6 PagesReview Nowadays, the concern for business ethics is growing rapidly in the business community around the world. Business ethics are focused on the judgment of decisions taken by managers and their behaviors. The issue regarding these judgments is the norms and cultures that shape these judgments. Business ethics are concerned about the issue, how will the issue be solved and how will it move ahead along the transition analysis as well (Carroll, 2014). Business ethics can be addressed at differentRead MoreEthics And Ethics Of Business Ethics1304 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness Ethics Varun Shah University of Texas at Dallas Business Ethics Morals are a crucial part of life. Without having principles one would never be able to distinguish the right from wrong and good from evil. Just as it applies to life in general, ethics is an integral part of doing business as well. 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