Shooting an Elephant Essay -- Analysis, George Orwell

In his article, Shooting an Elephant, George Orwell shows his encounters as a British cop, and reflects it to the idea of dominion. He loathes his activity as a cop in Moulmein in light of the fact that a â€Å"anti-European inclination was very bitter† because of British Empire’s tyranny in Burma. In this way, Orwell, a white man is being dealt with discourteously by the Burmese which permits him to loathe his activity and British Empire, the base of everything. Notwithstanding, the episode of shooting of an elephant gives him a â€Å"better glimpse †¦ of the genuine idea of dominion †the genuine intentions wherein dictatorial government act† (13). So as to communicate the impacts of government, Orwell outlines this â€Å"enlightening† occurrence by utilizing different word usages, logical gadgets, sentence structures, and producing fitting tone and state of mind (13). From his encounters and sentiments of living under colonialism, Orwell effect ively shows the horrendous impacts of government. With the utilization of appropriate word usages in his paper, Orwell magnificently passes on the message and sentiments that he is attempting to get over. He frequently utilizes the word â€Å"natives† for the Burmese: â€Å"Here was I, the white man with his weapon, remaining before the unarmed local crowd† (15). Thusly, he shows his feelings and regard to the Burmese in light of the fact that by calling them â€Å"natives† means that they are the genuine proprietor of Burma and not the British Empire. Likewise, by utilizing this word usage oftentimes in the paper, Orwell helps his perusers the presence to remember colonialism in Burma with the goal that the perusers don't simply cling to the elephant yet in addition get the message fused in the article. The body of an elephant is contrasted and the machine as Orwell might suspect, â€Å"it is equivalent to pulverizing an immense and ... ...evastation in the public arena. In this way, George Orwell effectively sends the message of dominion to his crowd by utilizing different styles in his exposition, Shooting an Elephant. As indicated by the subject of his article, his primary crowds are the adolescent, grown-ups, and legislators as colonialism is more worry with them. As per his as a cop, he shows his peruser that colonialism is the most noticeably awful approach to administer a nation as it is hurtful to individual’s perspective and estimation of profound quality in the public arena. Orwell accomplishes this remarkably by working out with logical gadgets, phrasings, and sentence structure to create the inclination in the crowd the manner in which he wishes to be. Additionally, to hold and his perusers through his exposition, he raise suitable tone and mind-set. In result, Orwell brilliantly utilizes the episode of executing an elephant to depict the impacts of dominion.

5 Reasons Why Infographics Are Important To Your Blog

5 Reasons Why Infographics Are Important To Your Blog Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Why Infographics Are Important To Your BlogUpdated On 23/04/2017Author : David KendallTopic : BloggingShort URL : http://bit.ly/2ozkC6X CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogIf you have a blog, incorporating infographics is an absolute must. Not only will the use of infographics help to elevate your blogs ranking on search engines, but they will also make your blog more engaging. They also have the potential to help you gain more readers and subscribers, and they can help you get your point across much more effectively than plain text.1. People Dont Read Online, They SkimWhether theyre surfing the Net out of boredom or searching for important information, people tend to skim online text for salient points rather than read the text line by line. While you may have a few blog subscribers who hang on your every word, chances are that most of your first-time visitors simply ski m your site to get a feel for what its all about. An infographic catches the eye of a skimmer and makes her stop and take notice.2. It Will Boost Your SEO RankingUnlike text content, which needs to be unique for each post you create, you can use the same infographic in multiple locations without worrying about getting penalized for it. When you re-post your infographic, you can provide backlinks to your blog, which helps to drive traffic to your site as well as boost its SEO rankings.3. Creative Infographics Will Go ViralPeople love to share humorous and creative content, and the less time consuming it is to read, watch or view that content, the more people will see it and share it. Infographics have the highest potential to go viral because while one infographic can contain a great deal of entertaining content, viewers can see and understand it quickly, unlike videos or long articles or posts.READAuditing Your Social Media Promotions? Some Questions To Ask Yourself First4. People A re More Likely to Remember an InfographicNinety percent of the information that the brain processes is visual. By combining text and pictures, you increase a viewers ability to mentally connect with the information presented. The inherent weaknesses of both text and pictures becomes diminished by each ones strengths when combined into an infographic. Pictures sometimes lack the clarity of text, and text lacks the visual appeal of pictures. However, when you combine text with pictures, you can create an eye-catching, clear and informative graphic for your vistors.5. Infographics Help People to Understand RelationshipsBecause information in an infographic gets laid out in a way that shows relationships, infographics help viewers to understand the information presented in a more realistic way than if you presented the information in a more linear fashion. For example, people can understand the difference between twenty-five percent and seventy five percent much more realistically on a bar graph than in written text alone.ConclusionIf you want to increase your blogs readership and reach more people, you must begin to incorporate infographics into your blog. Be creative, and hold the goal of getting your infographics to go viral in your mind when you make them. Your infographics should be entertaining and serve a purpose in order for you to achieve the best results.

Summer Reading Lists for Kids, Tweens, and Teens

Rubric - Quick Guide for all Content Areas

A rubric is a tool that teachers use to assess many different types of assignments including written work, projects, speeches, and more. Every rubric is divided into a set of criteria (ex: organization, evidence, conclusion) with descriptors or markers of quality to explain each criterion. A rubric also has a rating scale that uses point values or standard performance levels to identify a students level of mastery for an assignment. The rating scale on a rubric makes it an excellent way to grade an assignment as well as a way to progress monitor student performance over time. Rubrics are also useful as teaching tools that spell out expectations for students to follow. Research shows that student input in constructing rubrics can improve scores and engagement. Finally, rubrics can also be used to facilitate self and peer reviews of student work. Rubric Criterion Generally, all rubrics, regardless of subject matter, contain criteria for introductions and conclusions. Standards of English, or grammar and spelling, are also criteria common in a rubric. There are, however, many different criteria or measurements in a rubric that are subject specific. For example, in a rubric for an English literary essay, the criteria might include: Purpose or thesis statementOrganizationEvidence and support In contrast, a rubric for a science lab report might feature other measurements such as: ProblemDefinitionsData and resultsSolution The descriptors for the criteria contains qualifying language for each level of performance that links the rubric assignment or task to the lesson or units learning objectives. These descriptors are what make a rubric different from a checklist. The explanations detail the quality of each element in a rubric according to a standard of mastery while a checklist does not. Scoring with Rubric Descriptors Student work can be rated on a rubric according to different scales or levels of mastery. Some examples of levels on rubric could be: 5-scale rubric: mastery, accomplished, developing, emerging, unacceptable4-scale rubric: above proficiency, proficient, approaching proficiency, below proficiency3-scale rubric: outstanding, satisfactory, unsatisfactory The descriptors on the rubric are different for each level of mastery. Take, for example, the difference in the language in a 3-scale rubric that rates student work for the criterion incorporation of evidence: Outstanding: Appropriate and accurate evidence is explained  well.  Satisfactory: Appropriate evidence is explained, however, some inaccurate information is included.  Unsatisfactory: Evidence is missing or irrelevant. When the teacher uses a rubric to score student work, the value of each element must be done in increments, and different point values can be assigned. For example, a rubric can be organized to award 12 points for outstanding use of evidence, 8 points for satisfactory use of evidence, and 4 points for unsatisfactory use of evidence. It is possible to weight one criterion or element to count more heavily in the grading. For example, a social studies teacher may decide to triple the points for the incorporation of evidence in a students response. Increasing the value for this element to 36 points when the other elements in an assignment are 12 points each indicates to the student the importance of this criterion. In this example, the assignment, now worth a total of 72 points, could be broken down as follows: Introduction or thesis- 12 pointsEvidence- 36 pointsOrganization-12 pointsConclusion-12 points Reasons for Rubrics When rubrics are given to the students before they complete their work, students have a better understanding of how they will be assessed. Rubrics may also help reduce the time spent on grading which may result in an increase of time spent on teaching. One important benefit of using rubrics for assignments is that they help teachers develop consistency in evaluating student performance across a class. When used on a larger scale, rubrics can provide a consistent scoring method across a grade,  school, or district. For some assignments, multiple teachers can grade a students work using the same rubric and then average those grades. This process, known as calibration, can help build teacher agreement around the different levels such as exemplary, proficient, and developing. More on Rubrics: Creating and Using RubricsHow to Create Rubrics

My Decision Of Hiking Towards Camp - 987 Words

I was already miles down the trail before I began to second guess my decision of hiking towards camp. It had been years since I had done something challenging and wanted to prove to the men, that were waiting for my arrival, of my strength. The weather had grown colder and the snow continued to fall with every step I took. Several times I had licked my lips, forgetting the low temperature, and would instantly feel the saliva hardening into ice. Prior to the hike, a man offered a hospitality ride from the nearest hotel due to the upcoming weather drop and lack of phone connections along the path. I was told I would not be able to reach any type help, which I felt was an insult to my masculinity, for another nine miles and by then I would†¦show more content†¦Without thinking about how I should be careful also because that could very well happen to me, I felt the ice beneath me crack and my feet, unable to move, becoming engulfed in the piercing water. Irritated and quickly no ticing the frigidness of my body, I decided it was time to take a break, start a fire, and enjoy it’s warmth. I placed my boots and my bare feet near the fire in an attempt to dry them. The first fire was a success, so I thought to myself, â€Å"This one will be no different.† I was wrong. The first time, the fire was put out by snow falling from a branch above him. The second time, the fire was almost a success but was ruined by the loss of feelings in my hand as I tried to build its flame. Now discourage, I begin to focus on my unfortunate luck and lack of company. Of course, the dog was a nice companion, but deep down I felt uneasy about its intentions. Is it simply lonely? Was it out looking for food when it stumbled across me? Wait. That thought gave me an idea. What if I killed the dog for a source of food but more so for the warm its body held? Other countries eat dogs. It wouldn t be a completely morbid act to commit. I pondered on this thought, growing restless and uneasy at my body and its ability to withstand the cold. At the beginning of the trip, I thought nothing of the dangers enduring the harsh weather would entail, but seeing the effects it h ad on my body I knew that if I did not reach camp in the next hour the resultsShow MoreRelatedHike At The Great Smoky National Park2281 Words   |  10 Pagesdecided to start section hiking the trail to seek solitude and a transformation of my mind, body, and spirit. My current goal is to hike 200 miles a year on the AT. Currently, I’ve hiked 271 miles in the last 13 months. I have just over 1900 miles to go on this 2200-mile journey. I am in no rush to complete the trail and each hike teaches me something different. My latest hike just occurred on the weekend of the 1st of October 2016. This hike began where I left off from my last hike, just outsideRead MoreThe Rank Of Eagle Scout Essay1137 Words   |  5 Pagesare what define us and give us purpose. Achievement helps determine just how far we are willing to go to achieve goals and to make ourselves successful. I have worked for many achievements, in my lifetime, and I have many things that I am proud of. However, out of all of my achievements, I would say that my greatest achievement, was earning the rank of Eagle Scout from the Boy Scouts of America. The rank of Eagle Scout is not something that is easily achieved. Many people have struggled to obtainRead MoreThe Man Who Quit Money1745 Words   |  7 Pageswhen I eat at the commons, I know I can grab a lot of food because of the meal plan I am given as a football player. I often grab more food than I will eat, just like the saying â€Å"eyes bigger than the stomach†. So at the end of my meal, I will have a lot of food left on my tray, and I throw it away; which is a big waste. I feel even worse once I see other students with normal meal plans, who can only grab a limited amount of food, eat everything on their plate and waste little to none. They simplyRead MoreMt Everest Simulation3700 Words   |  15 Pagescompetent and experienced professional high altitude mountain climber gasping for breath, and desperately fighting to stay alive. Death is not uncommon to mountaineers who ascend Mt. Everest, a simple mistake, faulty judgments, miscommunication, wrong decisions or co mplacency can lead to disastrous consequences. Indeed, climbing Mt. Everest cannot be accomplished alone, individuals need to work together as a team, cooperate and collaborate with one another, and rely on one anothers capabilities to ascendRead MoreThe Impact of Nazi Rule on the People of Germany between 1933 and 19391898 Words   |  8 PagesThe Impact of Nazi Rule on the People of Germany between 1933 and 1939 Whether the Nazis made a negative or positive impact on the people of Germany, they most defiantly made one. In making a decision on what this was I will look at all of the aspects of their aeon, and examine them. The bad parts of Nazi sovereignty are obvious: there abominable policies concerning minority groups, their way suppressing the people by removing their rights, using violence and threats andRead MoreA Business Plan for and Adventure Recreation Company9286 Words   |  38 PagesOverview UAE was formed as a dream organization to provide hard-adventure sport/travel experiences to clients. UAE’s hard adventures include white-water rafting, and rock climbing. The founder of UAE is . My extensive experiences a multi-sport guide in the Outdoor Recreation Industry, combine with my education from Outdoor Recreation Leadership program which is the #1 ORL curriculum globally to form a solid base of experience. In addition to this I am extremely passionate about the activities UAE offersRead More The Salton Sea Essay example5242 Words   |  21 Pagesbacteria and contamination from DDT , selenium, Botulism , New Castle disease, as well as alga blooms and horrific odors. Social Aspects Not only does this area have practicable functions for such activities like recreation , bird watching, hiking , wildlife habitat and a stop off site for birds on the Pacific Flyway , but it is important place because of its intrinsic value. It was and could be a beautiful ecosystem again. Its values are more then what you can see at first glance. It is believedRead More111135197X 38570 Essay example17696 Words   |  71 Pages350 of Writing Clearly, Third Edition for answers to the Pre-test. Practice What You Have Learned (pages 21–25) Exercise 1 (page 21) I 1. I have been interested in physics since high school. I 2. Having good social skills is essential for my job, and I decided (OR have decided) to take a class in personal communication. I 3. Since she was a child, she has liked sports, especially water sports, such as swimming and waterskiing. I 4. Mario graduated as a veterinarian in January ofRead MoreLenin13422 Words   |  54 Pagescautious support. In 1896–97, strikes hit St. Petersburg, aided by the Marxists; believing his predictions to be coming true, Vladimir was unhappy at having to abandon the movement.[44] The Tsarist government made use of a large network of prison camps and areas of exile on the verges of its empire to deal with dissidents and criminals; by 1897 there were 300,000 Russian citizens in this system, and Vladimir was now one of them.[45] Permitted to make his own way there, the journey took 11 weeks,Read MoreReading Comprehension Case Study14945 Words   |  60 Pagesand horseback riding. Upon sitting down, she asked the administrator, â€Å"Am I going to help you?† The administrator responded by stating the purpose of the series of surveys that would be completed that day and emphasizing that they would not count towards her grade. Lucy was happy to participate and responded with â€Å"I’ll answer the best I can.† After being told the directions of the inventory, Lucy was comfortable and candid enough to ask the administrator, â€Å"If I answer a question about me, will you

Marketing Communications Industrial Marketing Management

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Communicationsfor Industrial Marketing Management. Answer: My role in the group was based on researching the brand that we were assigned to it. Adnams Southwold was our company of research. For effective communication of our brand to our listeners, I ensured that I had a logo, website information, and promotional materials (Wang and Montaguti, 2002). Additionally, I had to consider I have in mind several factors that could guarantee that our branding emerged the best in the presentation. I made sure that our branding was of quality. Since I am a marketing student, I did more research and reading before I come up with the company and presentation branding. My research included the best factors that could help me have a good branding. A sample of well-done previous branding exercises also helped me to have the best outcome. I used books, articles and scholar journals that offered me with more knowledge based on branding. I also used the research that on lecturer had given us on branding; what is it and best to go about a branding task. It is through this research process that I realized the importance of how to present our branding presentation to fit the requirements of the assignments and that of our viewers. I also recalled the statement of our lecturer telling us the importance of research for the need of better and quality result in every assignment we could do throughout the semester. With the research, I expanded my knowledge and discoveries based on new ideas of branding. I also came through the research surveys on branding and realized the gaps that exist about branding. I noted the deficiencies and implemented them while I was branding the assignment. When I was doing the emotional selling proposition, I had to consider what exactly could improve the selling of the products and services that will bring up a better marketing strategy. I had to understand that the sales potential of the company was based on their interests and what they desire; rather it is connected to the brain setup and what the customers hear concerning the products (Phelps, 2011). I was then able to come up with the best marketing communications that are viable for the company and could improve the quantity of goods and services for selling. I realized that Adnams Southwold did not have best strategies of emotional selling proposition. Therefore, I ensured that the emotional selling proposition was able to promote the process of selling and customers buying from their heart. The community has a greater probability of influencing and affecting the rates of sales in every company. However, Adnams Southwold was not exceptional in this their selling capacity depended on and experienced several barriers that could not allow them to realize the best emotional selling proposition. Furthermore, the number of their female customers out ways their male clients. To have the best results I had to think beyond the reasonable proposition, which could rather affect the results of my emotional selling proposition results. Through the process of working on emotional selling proposition, I realized that limbic system; a part of the brain could govern the emotional part of the customers hence affecting their purchasing value. Finally, I found out that most of the companies pay more attention to dealing with emotional selling proposition to enable them to get the best approaches and procedures of marketing their products to the customers (The strategic role of marketing: Un derstanding why marketing should be central to your business strategy, 1996). For me to design a suitable print of the television advisement for the brand that we were dealing with, I had to consider some factors that lead to better print and advertisement. I had to take and keep my message in mind about my overall results. Having a clear mind of the messages, I had enabled me to have an imperative mind when I was making the print advertisement designs. It allowed me to come up with effective types of print and advert designs. Additionally, I considered using a more updated logo that was appealing to the viewers of the presentation. My choice for the logo enables me to reach the suitable and relevant audience. I consulted the use of the logo in my presentation from various professional in graphic designs to improve print productions. A proper logo use is directly proportional to the choice of colors (Taghian, 2010). Therefore, I had to take my time to select the right color scheme to improve the level of awareness towards the company. Furthermore, I also had to consider my choice for the size of the print advertising designs. To achieve this, I also consulted with the graphic design professionals who guided me on who to carry out the activity. My choice of typography for the logo was based on the viewers and the target audiences (Jain and Punj, 2009). It was essential to choose the best topography that could well fit the desires of the viewers. I decided to use graphics as compared to photos in my advertising design. The design enabled me to achieve the fun and entertainment sector of the presentation. With the utilization of the best measures, I ended up with a print and TV advert that was entertaining to our viewers (Buttle, 2012). Presenting the Emotional Selling Proposition of the brand was my last activity. During my presentation, I had to apply several communication skills to ensure that the viewers were able to understand the intentions of the presentation. I understood that my ability to communicate effectively would offer meme the best process of conveying and receiving messages (Jain and Punj, 2013). I ensured that during my presentation I maintained eye contact with my viewers. Eye contacted granted me the level of confidence that I desired to deliver the information. However, I had to practice before ensuring that in incorporates several communication skills in my presentation. Prior practice enabled me to have much knowledge concerning Emotional Selling Proposition. Moreover, I decided to use the non-verbal communication skills to illustrate the information such as gestures as well as body language. There are the best means of communication to ensure proper delivery of the information involved (Dobni , Dobni, and Luffman, 2001). I also made sure that was audible so that my viewers could not have difficulties in listening to what I had to present. In so doing, I was clear to all the people I was presenting to including my lecture. My presentation earned my group lots of marks. However, we also took our private time to submit the whole document with my team members to ensure that every individual understood the information in the presentation. We were, therefore, able to answer all the questions that arose from our briefing. Training ad practice improves the rate of our success in dealing with the presentation assignment. References Phelps, E. (2011). Marketing planning strategy. Industrial Marketing Management, 10(4), pp.307-309. The strategic role of marketing: Understanding why marketing should be central to your business strategy. (1996). Long Range Planning, 29(3), p.432. Taghian, M. (2010). Marketing planning: Operationalizing the market orientation strategy. Journal of Marketing Management, 26(9-10), pp.825-841. Buttle, F. (2012). The marketing strategy worksheetA practical planning tool. Long Range Planning, 18(4), pp.80-88. Dobni, B., Dobni, D. and Luffman, G. (2001). Behavioral approaches to marketing strategy implementation. Marketing Intelligence Planning, 19(6), pp.400-408. Jain, S. and Punj, G. (2013). Developing Marketing Strategy: A Framework. Marketing Intelligence Planning, 5(1), pp.34-39. Jain, S. and Punj, G. (2009). Developing Marketing Strategy: A Framework. Marketing Intelligence Planning, 5(1), pp.34-39. Wang, Q. and Montaguti, E. (2002). The RD?marketing interface and new product entry strategy. Marketing Intelligence Planning, 20(2), pp.82-85.

Ncert Class 12 Sociology Essay Example

Ncert Class 12 Sociology Essay Textbook of Sociology for Class XII SOCIAL CHANGE IN INDIA Textbook of Sociology for Class XII M. N. KARNA CONTENTS 1. Structural Processes of Change 2. Cultural Processes of Change 3. State and Social Change 4. Legislation and Democratic Decentralisation 5. Economic Development and Social Change 6. New Groups, Classes and Globalisation 7. Education and Social Change 8. Mass Media and Cultural Change 9. Dissent and Social Change 10. Social Deviance 1 14 25 36 47 57 69 77 86 99 STRUCTURAL PROCESSES OF CHANGE 1 CHAPTER 1 Structural Process of Change Change is a fact of human life. We may not be aware of it in our day-to-day experience but it continues to affect us in one way or the other. A hundred and thousand years might be a moment in the life of rocks and mountains but in human society changes take place in the course of merely a generation or two. Think of a situation in which your grandmother was living in a village where a large number of family members were staying together in one household. She had to maintain purdah and was not allowed to come out of the four walls of the house till she had become old. Now compare it with the condition of your mother. We will write a custom essay sample on Ncert Class 12 Sociology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ncert Class 12 Sociology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ncert Class 12 Sociology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Do you not find a change in the structure of your own family, now when only a few members are staying together ? Your uncle is living in another household with his wife and children. Likewise, your grandfather was an agriculturist but your father might have shifted to the urban area to take up a job in a government office. You will notice several corresponding changes even in the life-style of your own family. These alterations have occurred merely in a generation or two. A close look will reveal changes both in the structure and function of family and in patterns of occupations. It is this dimension of change that we intend to study in the present course. Our focus will be on the nature and extent of social change in contemporary Indian society. The study of social change in India is important for several reasons. It tells us how contemporary Indian society is transforming from a traditional society to a modern developed society. It shows how changes are occurring in our social institutions and what are the factors bringing about such changes. It also indicates our achievements as a nation and identifies problems and setbacks in certain areas of our life. Social change is a process, in the sense that it involves a series of events over a period of time. The idea of continuity is implied in it and shows a sequence of operations that bring about change. Thus, the notion of process indicates two major dimensions of social change—its nature and direction. While the nature of change reveals content of change, the direction speaks about the line in which it is moving. We intend to 2 SOCIAL CHANGE IN INDIA discuss here both the substance and the factors of change. Sociologists in India have analysed the process of social change under two broad categories—structural processes and cultural processes. Structural processes of change are due to a transformation in the network of social relationships. Caste, kinship, family and occupational groups constitute some of the structural realities. Change in these relationships is a structural change. When the traditional agrarian system based on family labour is transformed into agrarian system based on hired labour with a view to produce for the market, we may call it a structural change. The transfor mation of joint family to nuclear family brings about change in structure and function of family. It is through the process of differentiation of roles that structural change takes place. To put it differently, role of a social institution changes due to specific sequence of events making it more effective in the changed situation. In fact, structural differentiation of roles leads to functional specialisation. Reverting to our earlier example, in addition to procreation and rearing of children, joint family performed numerous roles in traditional society in the fields of education, occupation and social security . But after its transformation into nuclear family most of these functions have been taken over by specialised agencies such as schools, economic organisations, government departments and other institutions. Structural change as a result of role differentiation is noticed in almost all domains of social life. You are already familiar with the factors of social change. Therefore, we shall focus on structural processes of social change namely, industrialisation, Westernisation and modernisation. INDUSTRIALISATION Science is an important element of human heritage that produces a systematic knowledge of nature. Technology, on the other hand, is that element which contains the application of this knowledge. In this sense, technology has a utilitarian goal. It has developed mainly due to a desire to apply it for the advantage of common people. This goal has been realised in almost every sphere—industry, agriculture, transport, communication and such other areas. The rapid changes that we experience in our dayto-day life are related to the development of new techniques, new inventions and new modes of production. The application of modern technology in industry has influenced not only our economic life but also our social and cultural system. Industrialisation is a process of technological advancement from domestic production with simple tools to large-scale factory based production. However, sociologically, the term implies a process of economic and social changes arising out of the change in the structure of industry. Industrialisation involves a broad range of social factors that deeply affect the character of social STRUCTURAL PROCESSES OF CHANGE 3 life. For instance, factories give rise to elaborate division of labour, new work culture, etc. Industrialisation in India A wide network of domestic and cottage industries was existing in India even prior to British colonial rule. But modern large-scale industry came only during the later part of the nineteenth century after the Industrial Revolution in Europe. Between the 1850’s when the first major industries started, and 1914 India had established the world’s largest jute manufacturing industry, the fifth largest cotton textile industry and the third largest railway network. In this manner, India had almost a century of industrial development on the eve of the independence. After independence, the pace of industrialisation was significantly accelerated during the periods of FiveYear Plans. It saw the expansion and diversification of the industrial structure with the establishment of several new units. In 1951, there were only two major units producing iron and steel. The number of such major steel plants increased to six by 1980s with the installed capacity of 80 lakh tonnes. The country has made considerable progress in the field of new industries, agricultural tractors, electronics, fertiliser etc. , which were practically nonexistent in 1951. The textile industry is no longer confined to cotton and jute textiles but to a large number of units producing different types of synthetic fibres. An important feature of industrial growth after independence has been the rapid expansion of the public sector enterprises. These produce diverse products such as steel, coal, heavy and light engineering goods, locomotives, aircraft, petroleum products and fertilizers. A brief sketch of industrial growth in India may give us an idea of the extent of industrialisation that has taken place in the country since attaining independence. Social Consequences of Industrialisation We may now turn our attention to the economic and social consequences of industrialisation. Our economic life has witnessed tremendous structural change in the wake of industrialisation. Production has been brought substantially to the factory. Elaborate division of labour, pecialisation of tasks and the growth of a class of industrial workers have resulted from changes in the industrial system. Similarly, the nature of agricultural production has also changed because of change in agricultural practices. With the alteration in agricultural practices, alterations have also occurred in agrarian relations and the life-styles of farm househo lds. Moreover, industrialisation has changed the family mode of production and women are increasingly found in farms, firms and factories to perform different tasks. The new economic role has placed women in the new 4 SOCIAL CHANGE IN INDIA nvironment where they experience a changed social status. This new role of women in turn has brought greater participation of women in decision making in the family. These changes have occurred due to occupational diversification that has been brought about by industrialisation. For example, it cannot be expected that all working members of a family will get jobs in similar occupations and professions and will be posted at the same place. One member, for example, may be engaged in the cultivation of family land in Uttar Pradesh and the other may take up an employment as an engineer in Chennai. Under these circumstances, the break-up of a joint family into small nuclear families is natural. Such structural changes are also accompanied by functional distinctive-ness. For example, the traditional joint family as mentioned earlier, was a multifunctional institution. It had innumerable economic, educational, recreational, socialisational and biological functions. Now, except for the biological and socialisational functions of the family, most of the other functions have been taken over by formal economic organisations, associations and the state. Development of transport and communication have resulted in far reaching consequences. Railways, automobiles and marine transportations have not only increased spatial mobility but have also quickened the rate of internal and external migration. A large number of people are migrating from rural to urban areas to take up new occupations. Similarly, both skilled and unskilled women and men are travelling out of the country in search of better careers. Changes are also witnessed in the system of social stratification. Significant changes are observed in the case of caste system, which is an important structural reality of Indian social system. The separation between caste and occupation is a significant change that has taken place. The occupational diversification has made several occupations ‘caste free’. It is, however, more in towns than in villages and even greater in the large industrialised cities. A considerable number of people located earlier at the lower levels of caste hierarchy and engaged in caste-based occupations are now entering into new occupations. Likewise, castes considered higher in the hierarchy are coming forward for occupations not preferred earlier. The members of lower castes dispensed with traditional occupations primarily because they were considered ‘impure’ and were endowed with low status besides being less profitable. On the other hand, members of upper castes such as Brahmin, Rajput and Kayasth in North India were compelled to take up work like manual labourers, peons in offices and such other low status jobs. In addition to modifications in occupational structure and mobility, changes are seen in the inter-caste power structure. We have so far analysed the socio-economic consequences of STRUCTURAL PROCESSES OF CHANGE 5 industrialisation but we should not overlook one basic fact in this regard. The way in which a society responds to the industrial changes depends on its own creative genius and social environment. We, therefore, find a substantial difference between one society and another in the degree to which changes take place as a result of industrialisation. impersonal. The relationship is based on a complex division of labour and is contractual in nature. Urbanisation in India India is a land of villages and will remain so for decades to come. However, it does not mean that cities have been absent from this vast sub-continent. Existence of cities in India can be traced back to as early as third millennium B . C . Archeological excavations reveal older traces of urbanisation. Historians tell us that a truly urban civilisation emerged in the Indus Valley with Mohenjodaro and Harappa as important urban centres. In addition to these two cities, several other urban settlements such as Kalibangan in northern Rajasthan, Lothal in Gujarat and Banwali in Haryana also emerged as the major centres. In the subsequent period, urbanisation was not confined to a particular area. This phase of urbanisation finds mention in the postVedic literature in the north and Sangam literature in the south. The Buddhist texts also mention the existence of the urban centres. Furthermore, urbanisation during the medieval times was spread out from Srinagar in the north to Madurai in the south. This period was marked more by the revival of old cities than the establishment of new cities and towns. These preindustrial cities, however, existed primarily as centres of pilgrimage, as royal capitals and as trading centres. Cities with modern industrial character grew in India only after the URBANISATION Urbanisation is a process by which people instead of living in villages start living in towns and cities. It involves a mode by which agriculture-based habitat is transformed into nonagricultural urban habitat. The growth of urban centres is the result of accelerated industrial and service functions. An increase in the size of towns and cities leading to growth of urban population is the most significant dimension of urbanisation. These centres are essentially non-agricultural in character. Urbanisation as a structural process of change is related to industrialisation but it is not always the result of industrialisation. In certain cases, urbanisation has taken place even without industrialisation. Industrialisation is always connected with economic growth but we cannot say the same about urbanisation. Urban environment produces a particular kind of social life which Lois Wirth, a core member of the Chicago School, calls urbanism. Social life in cities is more formal and 6 SOCIAL CHANGE IN INDIA contact with the West. The process of urbanisation was accelerated during the British colonial regime. The British Indian administration promoted urbanisation on a large scale. The major port towns of Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai owe their beginning, growth and importance to the colonial efforts. Similarly, regional summer capitals were established in remote mountainous areas like Srinagar, Shillong and Shimla. The princely states did not develop as fast but even they had capital towns. Some of the princely states like Hyderabad, Indore, Jaipur and Mysore had population exceeding one lakh. The urban scenario changed remarkably after independence. The proportion of urban population to the total population increased from 17. 6 per cent in 1951 to 25. 7 per cent in 1991. The number of cities with population of one million or more increased from 5 to 23 during the same period. According to the census of 2001 urban population stands at 27. 78 per cent and number of cities having population more than one million has increased to 35. The noteworthy growth of urban population after independence has been largely due to the rapid increase in population, ruralurban migration, city-centred industrialisation and the over all neglect of villages. The emerging trends of urbanisation in India reveal that urban migration is fairly significant. A large number of people from rural areas are shifting not only to big cities but even to medium-sized cities and small towns. Distance is not a barrier. One readily finds villagers moving from farflung areas of north Indian state to the cities in south India. Migrants are mainly employed in manufacturing and service occupations. Besides, the seasonal migration of unskilled labourers, too, has become common. We find labourers from Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Orissa working in agricultural farms of Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh. Labourers begin with seasonal migration and later on start settling permanently in areas of their choice. Social Effects of Urbanisation Let us now turn to the social effects of accelerated urbanisation. Urbanisation has altered the structure of joint family as a result of occupational diversification. Consequently, the functions of family and kinship have declined considerably. The traditional family norms are relaxed and interpersonal relationships have become more formal. An urban child now grows within much smaller world. No kinsmen are available in nuclear family to take care of her/ him. The child has to select playmates outside the family. In this manner, the child develops a new type of personality characterised by ideas of freedom and innovation. Such a situation is remarkably different from the environment of dependence found in a joint family. The nature of love and affection in interpersonal relationship has also changed. While children and STRUCTURAL PROCESSES OF CHANGE 7 their mothers receive considerable attention, sentiments and attachment towards other relatives have weakened. Likewise, the division of domestic duties between wife and husband is changing in the urban settings. They both share domestic duties, as there is no other adult member available to share the burden. Thus, social life in urban areas faces isolation due to diminishing kinship obligations. Several ties that formerly bound members of the family to group and community life are now broken. Consequently, the quality of human relationships tends to become more formal and impersonal. Another visible change is in the domain of caste identity. Urban dwellers participate in networks that include persons of several castes. Individual achievement and modern status symbols have become more important than caste identity. Caste norms are not strictly maintained which is manifest in commensal relations, marital alliances and in occupational relations. It is, thus, possible to suggest that urban way of life has made people think more as individuals than as members of a particular caste. The importance of ascription as the basis of social status is declining and the significance of achievement is taking its place. The level of education, nature of occupation and the level of income are now major indicators of one’s achievement in an urban setup. Therefore, people recognise education, occupation and income as prerequisites for higher ocial status. It does not mean that the achieved status has completely replaced ascribed status and class has fully overshadowed caste. It is, however, necessary to clarify that changes brought about by urbanisation have not altogether replaced the traditional patterns of family, kinship and caste. They go through adaptations and their functions are not completely erod ed. Urban Problems We have already seen how urbanisation is proceeding at a considerable pace in India. It has affected different domains of people’s life. The expansion of urban centres has also given rise to a variety of problems. The physical space is dingy, quality of life is poor and urban governance is unimaginative. Overcrowding and pollution, sub-standard housing and slums, crime and delinquency, alcoholism and drug abuse are a few of them. We shall discuss some of them which have far reaching consequences for the country. Urban overcrowding is the result of the massive size of India’s urban population. Its impact is visible in declining services in the areas of housing, water supply, sanitation, transport, power supply and employment opportunity. Increasing number of homeless people, high rate of rent and a scramble for the few available houses are commonly found in most of the cities and towns. The density of urban population in India works out to be around 3, 500 persons 8 SOCIAL CHANGE IN INDIA per square kilometre in 1991. This is more than the accepted norm of 400 per square kilometre. Thus, urban areas have more people than they can support with the available infrastructure. Related to the problem of housing and overcrowding is the problem of slums. The slum is an area of dingy neglected houses where people live in poverty without minimum civic amenities. The estimates of India’s urban population living in slums vary widely. However, according to an estimate, not less than 45 million people were living in slums in 1995 and as the urban population is increasing fast, their number must have had increased by now. It is said that the Indian population living in slums is more than the total population of about 107 countries of the world. Generally, the larger a city, the more the people live in slums. Naturally, metros like Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata have more slums than the small and medium size towns. In 1991, slum-dwellers formed 45 per cent of the population in Mumbai, 44 per cent in Delhi and 42 per cent in Kolkata. The situation is no better in other metropolises like Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmadabad etc. In reality, the problems of slums are multiplying in the wake of city’s incapacity to meet the rising demands of growing population. Pollution is another major problem of cities. There are several sources of rising pollution. Cities discharge 40 to 60 per cent of their entire sewage and industrial effluents into the adjoining rivers. The smaller towns ump garbage and excreta into the nearest waterways through their open drains. Likewise, urban industries pollute the atmosphere with smoke and gases from their old chimneys. Vehicular emission in Delhi accounts for 64 per cent of its air pollution. In fact, Delhi has the dubious distinction of being one of the most polluted cities in the world. The poison that we put in the environment comes back to us through air , water and food. It gradually causes diseases and disorders making life miserable and hazardous. The issue of environmental pollution in urban areas has been recognised and steps have been taken to ease the situation. Even the Supreme Court of India intervened and ordered closure of polluting industrial units in Delhi. Recently, the use of nonpolluting Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) has been made mandatory for buses and three-wheelers in Delhi as per the order of the Supreme Court. There are a number of other problems faced by urban centres which are not discussed here for the sake of brevity. Important among them are the problems of urban poverty, urban planning and urban governance. MODERNISATION Modernisation is both an idea and a process. As it is an idea, there is no agreement among social scientists on its meaning and interpretation. In the decades after the Second World War it was believed in industrial capitalist STRUCTURAL PROCESSES OF CHANGE 9 countries such as Britain and the United States that the key to economic development in the Third World was modernisation. The concept of modernisation, thus, emerged as an explanation of how these societies developed through capitalism. By providing such an explanation Western scholars desired to convince the underdeveloped countries like India that economic development was possible under capitalism. According to this approach, modernisation depends primarily on introduction of technology and the knowledge required to make use of it. Besides, several social and political prerequisites have been identified to make modernisation possible. Some of these prerequisites are: 1. increased levels of education, 2. development of mass media, 3. accessible transport and communication, 4. democratic political institutions, 5. more urban and mobile population, 6. nuclear family in place of extended family, 7. complex division of labour, 8. declining public influence of religion, and; 9. eveloped markets for exchange of goods and services in place of traditional ways of meeting such needs. Modernisation is, thus, supposed to be the result of the presence of these prerequisites in the social system. It is clear that the term modernisation has been used here in a very broad sense. We, therefore, find different views about the scope and area to be covered by the concept of modernisation. Some soc iologists limit modernisation to its structural aspect, others emphasise its cultural dimension. A few studies highlight the issue of political modernisation and still others analyse its psychological meaning. Of course, the treatment of the concept in terms of it being a process of social change is found in Learner’s writing. Daniel Lerner in his essay on ‘Modernisation’, included in Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences, explains modernisation in these words: â€Å"Modernisation is the current term for an old process — the process of social change whereby less developed societies acquired characteristics common to more developed societies. † He further writes, â€Å"Modernisation, therefore, is the process of social change in which development is the economic component. Obviously this understanding of the term corresponds with the meaning which we have given to the term at the beginning of our discussion. Accordingly, modernisation is a process of change, which takes a country from underdevelopment to development. It produces social environment for economic development. The growth in industrialisation, urbanisation, national income and per capita income are taken as criteria of development. However, while accepting the economic criteria of development, some sociologists have added non-economic 10 SOCIAL CHANGE IN INDIA riteria to judge development. They argue that rising output alone is not sufficient to assess the level of development. A society has to move from rising output to self-sustaining growth. Therefore, non-economic criteria such as the level of education, function of media, growth of communication and social norms conducive to change have to be taken into consideration. The meaning of modernisation given above incorporates primarily, structural aspects of change. In other words, with modernisation structural transformation takes place in economy, polity and social institutions. It is to be noted here that the concept of modernisation has also been explained in cultural terms. In this sense, modernisation implies change in values and attitudes. Modernity involves values and norms that are universal in nature. Explaining this aspect of moder nisation Yogendra Singh suggests that modernisation implies a rational attitude towards issues and their evaluation from a universal viewpoint. Thus, technological advancement and economic growth are not the sole criterion to judge the level of modernisation of a society. The commitment to scientific world-view and humanistic ideas are equally important. Moreover, the idea of modernisation has also been analysed in terms of the paired concepts of tradition and modernity. It has been argued that modernity stands as opposite of tradition. In this sense, all the underdeveloped societies are characterised as traditional and the developed societies as modern. Modernisation, thus, implies a change from tradition to modernity. Change occurs, according to this view, in predictable direction. In other words, in order to modernise, every society has to follow the same direction and adopt a similar path. All the existing values and structures have to be replaced by the new values and structures. Nonetheless, sociologists from the developing countries are critical of this understanding of modernisation. They maintain that modernisation does not stand as a polar opposite to tradition. Traditional values and institutions are not necessarily discarded while taking up new values in the process of change. Society adopts new values because they are considered more efficient and rewarding. In view of this, these sociologists hold that modernisation would develop typical forms in different societies. Patterns of modernisation, thus, may vary from society to society. The discussion shows that processes of modernisation involve both structural and cultural dimensions. However, given the present context, we shall deal with modernisation primarily as a structural process of change. Modernisation in India Some sociologists make a distinction between social change and modernisation in order to assess the nature of change in the traditional Indian society. Though, social change occurred in traditional India, it was essentially pre-modern in nature. One STRUCTURAL PROCESSES OF CHANGE 11 raditional institution was just replaced by the other and no basic structural change took place in social system and culture. Historically, modernisation in India started from the establishment of the British rule and has continued even after independence. The nature and direction of modernisation during these two phases have been different. Therefore, it is appropriate to examine the processes of moderni sation under two distinct phases — the colonial phase and the post-colonial phase. As has been mentioned earlier, modernisation in India commenced after the arrival of the British rule. The contact with the West brought about far reaching changes in social structure and cultural institutions. Changes were witnessed in almost all important areas of life. The British administration introduced new arrangements in legal, agrarian, educational and administrative domains. Most of these led to structural modernisation. For instance, the bureaucratic system of administration and judiciary introduced by them were based on modern rational norms, which replaced the traditional Indian legal norms, based on the principle of hierarchy and ascription. A similar transformation took place in the system of education and agrarian structure. The Western system of education was introduced towards the middle of the nineteenth century and expanded significantly thereafter. New patter ns of land settlements such as Zamindari, Raiyatwari and Mahalwari covering the whole of British India resulted in systematisation of revenue administration. Some other areas experiencing modernising trends were industrialisation, urbanisation, transport and communication, army and the emergence of industrial working class and so forth. The emergence and growth of a nationalist political leadership was also the result of growing modernisation of Indian society. In fact, the nationalist leadership became so strong towards the early part of the twentieth century that freedom movement itself generated a new culture of modernisation. It is apparent from the above that the colonial phase of modernisation created a wide network of structure and culture which was modern and had an all-India appeal. However, it is important to point out here that during the colonial phase the local regional structures of family, caste and village community remained more or less unaffected by the forces of modernisation. At these levels, the British, by and large, followed a policy of least interference. Consequently, we do not find much change in the structures of family, caste and village. Let us, now, briefly examine the process of modernisation in the postcolonial India. Modernisation process has undergone some fundamental changes after the Independence. Every domain of social system is under the active influence of modernising process. Modernisation has, now, become an integral part of the developmental strategy. 12 SOCIAL CHANGE IN INDIA The political system has assumed a new shape after the adoption of a parliamentary form of government based on adult franchise. Political parties have emerged as powerful organs of the system. Thus, democratic political structure has effectively led to increasing political consciousness among people. The process of politicisation has, further, been accelerated through the Panchayati Raj institutions. The foundations of traditional family structure have come under the influence of legal reforms in marriage and inheritance. The family introduced egalitarian norms in family leading to raised status of women. Similarly, caste has assumed new functional roles. It has acquired an associational character. New consciousness has emerged among dalits. Increasing role of caste in politics is a pointer to this trend. Moreover, land reforms, too, have brought structural transformation in agrarian social structure. However, it is pertinent to call attention to the fact that modernisation in India has not been a uniformly progressive movement. Two crucial issues may be pointed out in this regard. First, in the process of modernisation several traditional institutions and activities have been reinforced. For example, religious pre